Satellite Connectivity

Background: Satellite systems which orbit in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are one of the innovative solutions to enable the connectivity in segregated geophysical parts of the world which are left out of the digital society, as they provide almost instantaneous, high-speed connections. Despite progress made there are barriers to deployment including lack of scalability, high costs, traffic management, and environmental vulnerability. Objective: The aim of the present study is enhancing the overall throughput and concurrently – steaking the LEO satellite networks reliable operation in various applications with usage of the effective traffic control and adaptive routing techniques meanwhile taking into account the costs and other factors. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative research was used in this study in which both theoretical and simulations of LEO satellite networks were used. The traffic engineering was done using Software-defined networking (SDN), whereas bio-inspired routing, including bee colony optimization algorithms, were evaluated for adaptive routing. Parameters like latency, throughout, packet loss, and costs that are exhibited to change with conditions like atmospheric interferences were also considered. Results: The results proved that the current latency can be cut by up to 60%, packet lost by up to 90%, with operating expenses slashed beyond 85% and resource utilization beyond 85%. Improved routing techniques improved transmission reliability over dynamic network loads; simulations have validated the environmental suitability of LEO networks. Conclusion: The article offers a coherent framework for the appropriate design of LEO satellite networks and discusses their ability to address the digital divide and guarantee economic, effective, and highly accessible computing access globally.