Institutionalism

Considering corruption as one of the chronic harms of the administrative system, and the social factor affecting economic growth, the present study sought to explain, for the first time, the differences in the perceived levels of corruption among 16 Southwest Asian countries, relying on the sociological “new institutionalism” theory in analyzing organizations, describing causal mechanisms and their mutual impact, and creating corruptive contexts. The fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Method (fsQCA) and the secondary data were used to find the causal configurations leading to corruption in these cases. The experimental judgment led to two causal configurations showing that some institutional requirements of the institutional environment, in contrast to the requirements of the technical environment, exacerbated the gap between formal and informal structures. Conflicts lead to the formation of informal norms and networks that, over time, provide shared mental patterns for actors in executing current actions and confronting ambiguity and uncertainty; and on the basis of contextual rationality, they are interpreted as an appropriate way of acting. This reduces the costs of corruption and increases the opportunity for abuse by diminishing supervision and control and strengthening informal networks.

Being dealt with now, the need for the presence of a leader and a jurisprudent who is wise and righteous is being felt a lot, and this question has been asked and some scho-lars have examined the cause of the need for the jurisprudent and the velayat-e faqih. Regarding this, Imam Khomeini's thoughts as the first person who presented the abso-lute velayat-e faqih has a special place and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli as one of Imam Khomeini's students who continued the views of Imam Khomeini on velayat-e faqih. This research has been conducted in the form of documentary and library reviews and has examined the views and thoughts of these two great Islamic scholars in the field of velayat-e faqih and the need for the presence of the province in society.

Purpose: The current research proposes a model for elite’s recruitment to Iranian educational organizations based on the ethics and specific cultural contexts of Iranian society. Methodology: This is a combination of two quantitative and qualitative approaches. This is also an applied descriptive-exploratory paper. The primary pattern of research is extracted from the theoretical background and consists of four dimensions (competencies definition, effective factors analysis, competitor’s analysis, and recruitment tools). The final model was extracted and verified through interviewing the experts and the coding process. The cultural components of each dimension are also extracted and clustered according to the experimental data and according to the experts in a 4-step Delphi process. Finally, the current and desired status of the elite recruitment system in educational organizations has been studied using the gap analysis method. Ten companies were selected as sample for the selection of the community by cluster sampling and the questionnaires were distributed among managers and their human resources experts. The GAMS software is used to analyze the data and determine the effectiveness of the coding model. Effectiveness in the current paper is to determine the optimal value of the dimensions. Findings: Based on the findings, the optimum model dimensions (competency definition, effective factors analysis, competitor’s analysis, and recruitment tools) have increased in optimal condition compared to the current situation. One of the most important reasons for this is the existence of cultural barriers to the recruitment process, which impedes the effectiveness of the process and chooses the right and proper. Removing these barriers is one of the essential requirements for optimizing the proposed model. Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the current situation and the desired level, which necessitates serious attention to the factors affecting the elite’s recruitment and the development of appropriate mechanisms for their recruitment in educational organizations.

During the Qajar period, women were subjected to severe restrictions due to patriarchal and traditional society, and due to illiteracy and lack of presence in society, they suffered from ignorance of the environment and ignorance due to lack of connection with the outside world. In addition to associations, women created women's magazines and newspapers to raise awareness and protest their status. The Constitutional Revolution led to the gradual presence of women journalists and women's publications in the press arena. This was not easy to do because religious and traditional communities were among the factors limiting women's activities. For this reason, the question arises that what effect did women's publications have on the promotion of the position and situation of women in Qajar society? Given that after the Constitutional Revolution, newspapers were one of the most important media outlets, the hypothesis is that women, like other sections of society, have expressed their views and goals through publications and tried to raise awareness and change the mentality and attitude of women. The results of the research show the growth of awareness, change of attitude and the entry of a large number of women into society. Because with the entry of the first Pahlavi period, submissive women without claiming the Qajar period, have become aware and demanding women and have raised demands such as equal rights with men and the right to enter society and employment, which is mainly the result of the activities of Qajar periodicals. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are collected in a library method.