Entrepreneurship

Purpose: Given the effect of entrepreneurship education on improving employment and increasing the economic level of individuals and societies, there is a great demand for these trainings today. The present study was conducted using the fuzzy Delphi method to design a local model of entrepreneurship education. Methodology: First, using qualitative data obtained from exploratory studies and literature review and interviews conducted in the form of thematic analysis, 60 indicators were developed in the form of 5 dimensions, 16 components and 60 items, and then a questionnaire containing questions in this regard was provided and given to 16 selected experts. For the validity of the results, for the second round, the questionnaires were again sent to the experts. By extracting and fitting the most important factors through fuzzy Delphi method, experts' agreement on common indicators was assessed. Findings: The results showed that four items had lower scores than the criteria and were excluded. Also, the difference between the two stages was lower than the conventional threshold, so the analysis process was stopped. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be said that there is a high agreement on the necessity of the indicators of the mentioned model consisting of five dimensions of individual factors, economic factors, social factors, organizational factors and educational factors.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions and components of sustainable entrepreneurship based on entrepreneurial competencies in the country's insurance businesses. In general, the approach of this research is qualitative. Methodology: This research is an applied research in terms of its goal. The statistical population included expert experts and managers in the field of entrepreneurship in the insurance industry with the conditions of more than 25 years of experience and related educations of master's degree and doctorate. In the qualitative section, 19 people were selected as a statistical sample using the snowball sampling method until the opinions were saturated. In this research, a semi-structured interview was used through in-depth interviews related to the Delphi technique. To determine the validity, face validity and content validity were used using the CVR index, and its reliability was determined by the agreement coefficient method between two coders and Cronbach's alpha. 0.88 was obtained. Data analysis was done using Delphi technique. Findings: According to the obtained results, 3 dimensions, 10 components and 63 indicators were identified for the sustainable entrepreneurship model based on entrepreneurial competencies in the country's insurance businesses. Knowledge, management and personal dimensions were recognized as dimensions of sustainable entrepreneurship based on entrepreneurial skills in insurance businesses of the country. Conclusion: For the knowledge dimension, (components of education, familiarity and experience), for the management dimension, (components of monitoring and decision-making, planning, commitment and promotion) and for the individual dimension, (behavioral, psychological and ethical components) were identified.

Enthusiasm is one of the main psychological variables affecting the entrepreneurial intention of people, which as one of the dimensions of well-being in the work environment, expresses a positive and active feeling, which is known with a high level of work with interest and honor. The aim of the present research is to investigate the role of the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of managers in the organizational structure of managers of government organizations. According to the existing theoretical frameworks, the relationships between research variables have been evaluated by some quantitative methods. According to the characteristics of the statistical society, the non-probability and accessible sampling method was chosen for the experts. To determine convergent and divergent validity, Lisrel software was used, and for data analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was usually used to test the normality of the data. The analysis of the obtained data showed that; GFI (normalized fit index) higher than 0.9 is a sign of a good fit of the model. RMSEA is equal to 0.055 (the root mean square of the error of approximation or the deviation test of each degree of freedom) and a value less than 0.08 indicates a good fit of the model. Shows, On the other hand, the P-value (significant level) is 0.0001, which is less than 0.05, so it is accepted with 95% confidence of the conceptual model of entrepreneurial enthusiasm of managers of public organizations. The results showed that the investigation of the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of managers of public organizations in Isfahan province showed factors such as organization atmosphere, perspective, and upstream documents, knowledge management in the organization, efficient human resources, and entrepreneurial culture in the organization, organizational learning, and entrepreneurial education. There is a desire for entrepreneurship in this.

Action is a fundamental concept in philosophy and the social sciences, such as sociology, psychology, and economics. Entrepreneurial action refers to behavior in response to a judgmental decision in a situation of uncertainty about a potential opportunity for profit. Wherever there has been or will be a change in human life, either positively or negatively, it is rooted in the work and performance of human society. At the same time, good effort and work that emanates from a good attitude and sound thought provide a favorable atmosphere for the happiness and economic growth and prosperity of the people, and create and fertilize great civilizations (Al-Insan: verse 11). This study seeks to investigate these drivers by studying entrepreneurs. Assuming entrepreneurial action as a meaningful response to environmental stimuli that requires mental processes, this study is consistent with the \"interpretiveness\" epistemology. This research intend to present comprehensive and integrated conceptual propositions based on conceptual propositions and definitions of entrepreneurial action, therefore, , it is considered fundamental in terms of objective. Islam invites people to do business, it calls on human beings to benefit others through their work, and directly and indirectly encourages people to become entrepreneurs and create jobs in order to prevent poverty and hunger in an Islamic society. As a result, a person\'s religious thoughts can affect his or her entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in the economic and sustainable development of all countries. The current research aimed to identify the opportunities and threats of the external environment of sports entrepreneurship in Ardabil, Iran based on the PESTLE model by examining the past and existing processes. A mixed approach was used to collect and analyze the research data. The research tool consisted of interviews and strategic council meetings. Theoretical and snowball sampling methods were used to reach the theoretical saturation (15 Experts). For analyzing the collected data in the qualitative section, a logical inductive method was used. The findings revealed that strategic environmental components of entrepreneurship in Ardabil province included: Ecological factors, Cultural and Social Factors, Political factors, Legal and juridical factors, Economic Factors, & Technological factors. According to the findings, considering the extracted factors in the process of spot entrepreneurship management can pave the way for developing entrepreneurship in sport setting. 

Microfinance institutions in India provide a set of financial services to the economically weaker sections. Recently, a large number of microfinance institutions have emerged in India and they have favorable impact for poverty reduction. The impact of these institutions on entrepreneurship and society, needs to be explored in greater depth. The objective of this study is to apply machine learning techniques to explore this impact. The research uses a MIX dataset for three successive years, namely 2017, 2018, and 2019. This dataset comprises eight variables centered on gross loan portfolio. Principal Component Analysis (PCM) has been applied on the sample dataset for dimensionality reduction, resulting in two main components and each component consist of fraction from eight variables. Then, the sample dataset has been labelled with the help of clustering using K-means clustering technique. Further, classification models based on K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are applied to predict the appropriate category of entrepreneurship. The experiment result shows that the machine learning techniques have been found effective and useful tools for estimating the impact of microfinance on entrepreneurship in India.

Today, the tourism industry is of great interest in the world in a sustainable development strategy. In developing countries with an extremely high rural population, such as Iran, ecotourism is considered as a potential for economic growth. Rural women, as a group with multi-functional roles in the rural household economy, can be considered the leading players in the development of ecotourism. This; the article is prepared as a review. To; find related documents, 12,400 articles were found using Google Scholar and the keywords "Ecotourism" and "entrepreneurship." Then, by adding the word "rural women," the number of articles decreased to 384. Then the title and abstract of the articles were examined and those related to this research were selected. Moreover, finally, the studies and investigations conducted to answer the following three questions: What is Ecotourism? Is there a connection between ecotourism and empowerment? Can Ecotourism play a role in empowering rural women? Finally, some recommendations have been presented based on the findings.

Women entrepreneurs use virtual social networks in their professional relationships. These relationships with higher quality leads to better performance in their businesses. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of virtual social networks on improving rural women’s entrepreneurship. The statistical population of the study included all members of the Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies in Fars province in Iran. The study was conducted using survey and stratified random sampling methods with 269 individuals participated via questionnaires. The results indicated that virtual social networks had a favorable effect on rural women’s businesses. There was a significant difference between women in the different studied counties regarding the effects of virtual social networks on business. In addition, a significant difference was observed between women in various groups regarding the effect of virtual social networks on business. In addition, greater effect of virtual social networks on women’s businesses led to higher business resilience among the women entrepreneur and their businesses, which resulted in increasing the women’s information about business activities and their entrepreneurial activities in their businesses. Further, more use of social networks by the women led to more use of marketing methods and strategies. Therefore, it is suggested that Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies use the functions of virtual social networks in order to information transfer, networking and online training for members when necessary. Also provide the necessary training in the application of appropriate marketing methods and strategies to rural women entrepreneurs using these networks.

Purpose: Achieving a sustainable livelihood and improving the quality of life is one of the basic goals of rural development programs. The research aims to identify the key components of job creation in rural communities with emphasis on handicrafts and workshops in the rural areas of Sanandaj.Dsidn/methodology/approach: Continuous droughts and economic sanctions and lack of rational planning have doubled the spread of poverty and deprivation in the rural areas of Kurdistan province. Descriptive-analytical and semi-structured field research. The survey method is to use the Delphi technique to identify and determine the type of activities.Finding: The results showed three priorities for creating employment in the rural areas of Sanandaj. The first priority with 9 types of job-creating activities in the field of local handicrafts such as backgammon, greenhouse production, local bread production, cultivation of medicinal plants, dry fruits, making musical instruments, clothing production, etc. with more than 83% of opinions in favor of the second priority With 10 types of employment-generating activities in the field of packaging garden products, workshops for the production of spirits, dried fruits, packaging agricultural products. Third priority with 5 types of job creation activities in the field of block making workshop, saffron production, tomato paste production with 55 to 69 percent agreement. In order to achieve the development of job creation in the villages, it is suggested to create educational platforms in the field of skill enhancement, create low-interest and long-term facilities, and provide spiritual support of government institutions.

Purpose- Rural entrepreneurship is a suitable solution for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas in order to change the current life pattern, create economic, social, environmental and institutional equality.Meanwhile, women play apivotalrole in promoting employment and improving the economic status of rural areas.Thus, a thorough conception of all aspects of entrepreneurship can be an effective factor in increasing the success rate.Design/methodology/approach- In this research, a descriptive survey and correlation method have been used.To analyze the data collected through field study, various descriptive and inferential statistical methods have been employed by SPSS15 software.Using the LISREL 8.5 software, the relationships between independent and dependent variables as well as the structural equation have been determined.Findings- The results indicate that three factors including structural, behavioral, contextual and the most important item of each factor including "paying attention to the social environment", "paying attention to development","Legislating the necessary laws and regulations" could be measured integrally in the structural equation model, respectively.It is also revealed how is possible to create innovatively the identifying and implementing stages of the investing process and creating women's businesses by becoming more detailed and determining the subset of each of the main structural, behavioral and contextual factors.Considering the structural equation model, the importance of these factors in the investing process and creating women's businesses in the southern villages of the country is highlighted.Original/value- Research and training activities can be one of the initiatives of governments and institutions related to the subject. Knowing the market context, the experiences of other regions of the country, obstacles to women's entrepreneurship, and the opportunities for women's entrepreneurship in different rural areas of the south of the country provide suitable opportunities for women's entrepreneurial activities. Furthermore, training programs should be based on women's condition in the village in such a way that the level of education, type of profession, geographical region are of the effective factors in the design and implementation of training programs. Providing training packages and the possibility of distance training is also useful for all entrepreneurs in the southern parts of the country.

Improving employment opportunities for people and reducing the economic burden on government requires a broad and concentrated effort on private sectors. Private sector growth is a key engine for creation jobs. The major advantage of private sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. These sectors are the nursery of entrepreurship, often driven by individual creativity and innovation. Entrepreneurs seek opportunities and innovations often provide the instrument for them to succeed. However, certain social, cultural and structural factors are inherent within a society which can affect entrepreurial activity. The purpose of present paper is exploring a set of positive and negative factors which can result in either stimulating or damping the activity of entrepreneurs in Iran. The statistical population includes successful entrepreneurs of Iran’s provinces in 2014 that were selected as sample randomly. The result shows that success achieved by the entrepreneurs is positively correlated with their risk taking abilities. The overall conclusion clears that the family and government support influence

Small and medium industries are considered as the critical platforms for entrepreneurship growth. Examining and identifying initiatives for developing small and medium-sized sports businesses in Iran can greatly contribute to the progress of this field. Therefore, this research aims to identify the initiatives for the prosperity of small and medium sports businesses in Iran. This study is a qualitative and exploratory research. The participants included faculty members in sports management, marketing, and managers and other sports experts interviewed through a purposeful sampling approach. To collect data, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted and finally theoretical saturation was achieved with 25 interviews. To analyze the data, the thematic analysis method was used. The results show that the initiatives for developing small and medium-sized sports businesses in Iran consist of five main categories, including “economic measures, communication-information initiatives, practical training, support structure, and internal organizational policies”. Finally, according to the initiatives for the prosperity of small and medium sports businesses, it might be necessary to implement the necessary measures and appropriate programs in this field to deal with the situation efficiently.

Purpose: The key to startup success is a brand-centric approach that combines brand leadership strategy with creative, targeted, and cost-effective business methods. In the brand-centered approach, all company processes revolve around the development of brand identity in continuous interaction with customers, to create long-term competitive advantages for the brand. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of entrepreneurship-based branding in cyberspace on the performance of startups.Method: The current research is of an applied type and with a mixed method and a sequential qualitative-quantitative approach, first qualitative and then quantitative data was collected and analyzed. Due to the small size of the population, sampling was not done and all 52 people were examined. Smart PLS software was used to analyze quantitative data and test research hypotheses and implement structural equation modeling. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to test the significance of the relationships and the fit of the obtained measurement models. To analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, the structural equation modeling method was applied.Findings: Qualitative findings showed that the branding model based on entrepreneurship in cyberspace includes six main themes and 18 sub-themes. Causal factors include risk-taking categories, business situation analysis, and brand content capabilities; Background factors include the categories of brand organizational structure, market orientation, and brand orientation; intervening conditions include the categories of legal infrastructure, customer characteristics, and economic uncertainty; the central category includes the three categories of brand vision depiction, brand integrity and entrepreneurial capabilities; strategies including three categories of brand positioning, strategic planning for branding and value creation; And the consequences include three categories of competitive advantage, strategic brand development and brand identity development. Quantitative findings showed that the causal conditions of branding with a score of 26.719 has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial branding; Entrepreneurial branding with a score of 4.873 on value-based brand positioning; And value-based positioning with a score of 29.960 has a positive and significant effect on the performance of startups.Conclusion: The results indicate that the branding model based on entrepreneurship in cyberspace and its impact on the performance of startups includes six main themes and 18 sub-themes, and branding based on entrepreneurship in cyberspace has a positive and significant effect on the performance of startups.

Purpose- The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the obstacles of developing tourism entrepreneurship among rural women in Oraman District of Sarvabad County, considered as one of the important poles of rural tourism in the country.Design/Method/Approach- This study is applied in terms of purpose; descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and mixed in terms of data gathering as a combination of two methods namely documentary (library) and survey based on observation, interview and questionnaire. The statistical population of this research includes rural women of Oraman District, and key informative and experts in rural development. The sample size was 97 samples among rural women occupying in the field of rural tourism in Oraman District and 50 ones of key informative and experts in rural development selected by snowball sampling method.Findings- The data analysis employing inferential statistics (chi-square, one-sample t-test and correlation) showed that, legal obstacles and weakness in policy making and planning with a mean score of 4.96, weakness in tourism infrastructure, services and facilities with a mean score of 4.53 and social and cultural obstacles with a mean score of 4.48 have higher priority, respectively whereas financial obstacles have the lowest calculated mean score (3.78) among the studied indicators. Also, the results of the correlation test revealed that rural women with a better and more favorable situation in terms of personality and background, i.e. with a higher education level and occupying in the field of rural tourism and more purposeful in life, have more tendency to enter the field of rural tourism and entrepreneurship. In addition, there is a negative relationship between the desirability of personality and background variables with the effect of identified obstacles on women entrepreneurship, which means that the better the personality and background variables are, the less the effect of the identified obstacles on women's entry into the field of tourism and entrepreneurship and innovation.Practical implications- The government as well as government institutions responsible for development in the area should first improve the tourism development environment in the studied rural areas and provide the conditions for the development of rural tourism in the area and prevent the region from moving towards stagnation in tourism, and then in the next stage entering more women into the field of tourism, make an attempt to direct them towards entrepreneurial activities.Original/value- There are many obstacles in front of rural women in the direction of turning to entrepreneurial activities in the field of rural tourism. Obviating these obstacles, firstly, requires identifying them and then applicable planning pertinent to each obstacle.

Purpose- The goal of this research is to identify institutional variables affecting entrepreneurship in Nesa rural Area in Karaj County.Design/methodology/approach-This is a fundamental, applied research that uses a descriptive survey method for data collection. The statistical population of the research comprises the residents of Nesa Rural district. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula (n = 216) and its distribution among the villages was proportional to the number of households in each village and the sampling was conducted using a simple random method. The research instrument is a researcher-designed questionnaire. In this research, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, and the partial least squares path analysis method was adopted to test the conceptual model of the research. The relationship between the variables was measured with the Pearson correlation test.Findings- The findings of the research on the state of entrepreneurship suggest that self-employment driven by a small family business approach, mostly without innovation, has been the predominant entrepreneurial activity in the study area. The results of the conceptual research model showed that the institutional variables of economic stability, transparency and accountability, and educational system and skills training have the most direct impact on the state of rural entrepreneurship. The analysis of fit indices of the model revealed that the coefficient of determination for the dependent variable of the rural entrepreneurial status was 0.683. Accordingly, the independent and mediating variables of the model can explain 68.3% of the variance in the rural entrepreneurial status, indicating the explanatory power of the model.Practical implications- The results of the research suggested that rural entrepreneurship is in a deplorable condition and despite the direct and indirect effects of institutional variables on rural entrepreneurship, institutional factors play a weak and inefficient role in rural areas. Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of institutional factors such as political stability, enforcement of the rule of law among citizens, control of corruption, and payment of rewards in proportion to the endeavors and creativity of individuals to promote rural entrepreneurship.

This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of social factors on the development of rural ecotourism entrepreneurship in Dezful tourism villages. This research is a descriptive-correlation type that was conducted using a survey method. Residents of tourism villages of Dezful constitute the statistical population of this research, based on the Cochrane formula and the use of stratified random sampling, 381 households were selected as the research sample.The main tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested and confirmed. In order to analyze data and test research hypotheses, structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach and PLS Smart software have been used. The findings showed that networking in the village, social participation, education and information, social capital and tourism capacities explain a total of 62.5% of the changes related to the rural ecotourism entrepreneurship. From this research, it can be concluded that social factors are always effective in the growth or retardation of rural ecotourism entrepreneurship according to their collective and cultural potential, and along with economic, historical, cultural and political factors, they can help the development of rural ecotourism entrepreneurship

Purpose- Undoubtedly, the correct performance of any activity and the successful performance of any role in the field of handicrafts depends on the interest and motivation of the workers to get familiar with its skills and methods and to use the special methods of that technique in the production of products. Baghlan province which is located in the northeast of Afghanistan, about 50% of the population of this province is women, and recently, most of the rural women of this province have turned to the handicraft industry of Balochi to improve their income. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the production status of the handicraft industry of Balochi women and the role of motivating factors of job performance and job satisfaction on the development of the handicraft industry of Balochi.Design/methodology/approach- The main research tool was a questionnaire the validity of which was confirmed by the lecturers of the agricultural extension and economics and the department of sociology of Baghlan university, and Cronbach's alpha confirmed its reliability. The statistical population was all the rural women working in the handicraft industry of Baghlan province, which was selected by purposive sampling (192) samples.Finding- Results showed that all three independent variables, motivational factors, job performance and job satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on the development of the handicraft industry of Balochi women, and explained 59% of the changes in the dependent variable. So, with confidence, it can be said that increasing motivation, job performance and job satisfaction lead to the development of the needlework industry among rural women.Originality/value– The results of this study, especially concerning due to the lack of sufficient and appropriate empirical literature in Afghanistan, can play a major role in providing correct insight to the rural development officials, job creation and poverty reduction in Afghanistan.

The development of the nation’s economy is supported by the growing diversity and enthusiasm of interest among academics, particularly in the transforming procedures with an entrepreneurial orientation. The study investigates changing entrepreneurial-oriented practices and the performance of SMEs utilizing a cross-sectional survey amongst the four top grocery registered SMEs operating in Ikorodu local government division of Lagos State, Nigeria. The tool for gathering data is a questionnaire with two sections: bio-data and research questions. While 100 respondents formed the sample size proportionally selected from the study focus. Pearson correlation is the statistical tool for data analysis. The study reveals that creativeness and alleviation of business loss have a highly significant impact on SMEs performance; with pro-activeness having a weak, but positive relevance on SMEs performance. In conclusion, to further improve and optimize entrepreneurial orientation practices and adapt to future threatening changes, firms need to strengthen the desire for healthy competition, identifying and targeting the weaknesses of their competitors. It is recommended that more innovativeness should be sought after as guiding principles for capability and adaptability to handle the complexity of the ever-changing business surrounding, while involvement in risk-taking should be adopted with inevitable zeal and willingness to attain organizational growth and improved performance. Pro-activeness should be given adequate consideration to maintain and surpass existing performance as opportunities come but once. Despite study limitations, future researchers may need to enlarge the sample size and create awareness of research conducted on SMEs generally. Keywords: Change, Entrepreneurial orientation, Performance, Practices, SMEs.

the aim of this study was to investigate the emotional intelligence components as predictors of entrepreneurship in people. the sample consisted of 380 undergraduate students (190 males and 190 females) who were studying at different faculties of Shahid Chamran University in Ahwaz. these individuals were randomly selected from the whole list of students. in this research, a number of measurement tools were used for gathering information. Which include; emotional intelligence questionnaire BAR-ON and questionnaire measuring of your entrepreneurial traits MET, whose validity and reliability were repeatedly investigated in Iran. also, to increase the accuracy of measurement tools, the reliability of some of these questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach 's alpha and split - half methods. the analysis of the present research data was done in both descriptive and inferential levels. at the descriptive level, average and standard deviation of the scores of the subjects and in the inferential level, Critical analysis was used in a simultaneous and step-by-step method. the results showed that except components of reality test and Impulse control of emotional intelligence, Other variables are good predictors for entrepreneurship in people. in fact, this study showed that is possible Entrepreneurship and non-entrepreneurship of people can be predicted from emotional intelligence variables. This study showed that it is possible to predict Entrepreneurship and non-entrepreneurship based on emotional intelligence variables. finally, the results obtained of this study were discussed in detail.