نقش شهروند هوشمند در مدیریت تخلفات ساختمانی، با استفاده از سیستم جغرافیایی داوطلبانه (منطقه مطالعاتی: شهر الرفاعی، کشور عراق) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
همواره نقش مردم در مدیریت شهری مهم بوده و تاثیرات چشمگیر و عمیقی در روند مدیریت شهری داشته است. از طرفی با توسعه تکنولوژی، ابزارهای جدیدی جهت مشارکت مردم در مسائل ارزشمندتر و پایدارتر ایجاد شده است. در این زمینه یکی از راهکارهای عملی و کاربردی استفاده از سامانه های اطلاعات جغرافیایی داوطلبانه می باشد. در این پژوهش از فن آوری Web2.0 استفاده شده است و با توسعه وب جغرافیایی سیستمی برای مردم فراهم نموده است که به تولیدکنندگان غیرمتمرکز محتوا از طریق اینترنت تبدیل شوند. با این کار مردم به عنوان بازیگران هوشمند، در راستای مدیریت هوشمند تخلفات ساختمانی، به جمع آوری اطلاعات کمک خواهند کرد. سپس با طراحی یک بخش WebGIS، اطلاعات جمع آوری شده مورد پردازش و تحلیل قرار می گیرد. بخش جمع آوری اطلاعات در دو نسخه برای داوطلبان و ناظران شهرداری طراحی شده است که توسط 4 شهروند داوطلب و 2 کارمند شهرداری در شهر الرفاعی کشور عراق، جهت ارزیابی عملکرد سیستم انجام شد و 257 داده در مدت یک هفته، جمع آوری گردید. از این مقدار بیشترین میزان 37/72 درصد مربوط به گزارشات با تخلف تجاوز به حریم خیابان و پیاده روها بوده و کمترین میزان گزارش تخلف با 17/1 درصد مربوط به ایجاد مغازه در پیاده رو یا میادین عمومی بوده است. نتایج نشان دهنده اثربخشی سیستم در کارهای میدانی است و می تواند در بحث جمع آوری اطلاعات و رسیدگی بهتر به تخلفات کمک کننده باشد. بنابراین پیشنهاد می شود که با برگزاری سمینارها به معرفی بیشتر آن پرداخته شود همینطور با استفاده از محصولات (ESRI) موجود در شهرداری در فرآیند تجزیه و تحلیل داده های این نرم افزار، ارائه آن برای سیستم عامل های متنوع و انتشار در فروشگاه های محبوب نرم افزارها می توان به معرفی وسیع تر آن پرداخت.The role of the smart citizen in managing construction violations using volunteered geographic information system (Case study: Al-Rifai city, Iraq)
People's role in urban management has always been crucial, exerting significant and profound impacts on the urban management process. On the one hand, with the advancement of technology, new tools have been developed to facilitate public participation in more valuable and sustainable issues. In this regard, one practical and applicable solution is the volunteered use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This research employs Web 2.0 technology and, through the development of web-based geographic systems, provides a platform for individuals to become decentralized content producers through the Internet. By doing so, people, acting as intelligent players, will contribute to the smart management of urban building violations and assist in data collection. Subsequently, through the design of a WebGIS section, the collected information undergoes processing and analysis. The information collection section has been designed in two versions for volunteers and municipal observers. The system's performance was evaluated by four volunteer citizens and two municipal employees in Al-Rifai, Iraq. During one week, a total of 257 data points were collected. The highest percentage, 72.37%, pertained to reports of violations involving encroachments on the street and sidewalk spaces, while the lowest percentage 1.17% related to establishing shops in pedestrian walkways or public squares. The results indicate the effectiveness of the system in field operations and its potential to aid in data collection and better response to violations. Therefore, promoting the system through seminars and utilizing existing products (ESRI) within the municipality is recommended for data analysis. This could include presenting it for various operating systems and distributing it through popular software stores, contributing to a broader introduction.
Keywords: VGI, Smart city, Smart citizen, Volunteered geographic information, Urban management.
Extended
Introduction
The role of the people in urban management has always been important and has had significant and profound impacts on the urban management process. On the other hand, with the development of technology, new tools have been created for people's participation in more valuable and sustainable issues. In this context, one of the practical and applicable solutions is the use of volunteered geographic information systems. In this study, Web2.0 technology has been used, and through the development of the geographic web, a system has been provided for people to become decentralized content producers via the Internet. In this way, as smart actors, people will help collect information for the smart management of construction violations.
Method
In this study, by designing a WebGIS section, the collected information is processed and analyzed. The data collection section was designed in two versions for volunteers and municipality inspectors, and was tested by 4 citizen volunteers and 2 municipality employees in the city of Al-Rifai, Iraq, to evaluate the system's performance. A total of 257 data points were collected over one week. Of these, the highest proportion, 72.37%, was related to reports of violations involving encroachment on street and sidewalk rights-of-way, while the lowest proportion, 1.17%, was related to reports of setting up shops on sidewalks or public squares. Additionally, QGIS software was used to analyze the collected data. This software was used to filter the data based on location, type of violation, or various characteristics.
Results
The results indicate the effectiveness of the system in fieldwork and can assist in data collection and better handling of violations. The software designed in this research is a low-cost, easy-to-use solution for generating spatial data, which is currently available to and used by volunteers and employees of the Al-Rifai municipality in Iraq. Another advantage of this software is its ability to receive reports from volunteers around the clock, whereas previously violations were only reported by municipal officers during office hours. A drawback of this type of reporting is that some violations require specialized assessment and therefore can only be reported by municipal officers, with no possibility for citizen involvement in such violations. Thus, it is recommended that further introduction of the system be carried out through seminars. Furthermore, using ESRI products available at the municipality in the data analysis process of this software, providing it for various operating systems, and publishing it on popular app stores could contribute to its wider dissemination.
Discussion and Conclusion
The findings of this research demonstrate that the use of volunteered geographic information in managing construction violations is not only feasible but can also serve as an effective operational tool for municipalities. The results from 257 reports recorded by citizens and municipal employees in Al-Rifai indicate effective participation by the local community and the efficiency of the designed platform in collecting spatial data. As the results showed, "encroachment on street and sidewalk rights-of-way" was the most frequent type of violation, and citizens submitted the majority of these reports. This suggests that citizens are more sensitive to violations that have a direct impact on their quality of life and daily use of public spaces, and likely have sufficient motivation to report them. On the other hand, municipal employees' reports were more related to specialized violations such as land use incompatibility, unlicensed construction, and improper use inconsistent with designated land use. This difference in participation patterns highlights the importance of combining official and volunteered data, as each group records a part of the urban reality, and the system, by integrating them, provides a more complete picture of the violation status. One of the key innovations of this research is its focus on the application of VGI in managing construction violations, an area that has received less attention in both international and domestic studies, with most research having been conducted in fields such as crisis management, environment, transportation, and OSM data completion. Thus, the findings of this study address a gap in the literature and show that the integration of volunteered information into the construction sector can be successfully operationalized. Furthermore, the use of a NoSQL database (Firebase) as the data storage infrastructure is another innovative aspect of this study. The schema-free structure, real-time updates, ability to handle multiple simultaneous connections, and support for multimedia data have made the designed system more scalable and expandable. These features have not been observed in most similar studies and represent a significant technical advantage for real-world implementation.
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