شناسایی و تحلیل معانی ثانوی فعل امر در سیاست نامه خواجه نظام الملک طوسی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
چکیده ابوعلی حسن بن علی بن اسحاق، مشهور به خواجه نظام الملک طوسی از برجسته ترین نویسندگان ایران در کتاب سیاست نامه (سیرالملوک) اندیشه های سیاسی خود را دور از هرگونه پیچیدگی لفظی کلام، در قالب دیباچه و حکایت ها بیان کرده است. این کتاب از نظر ادبی، تاریخی و سیاسی لایه های عمیقی دارد و از زیباترین نمونه های نثر مرسل فارسی است. در این پژوهش چگونگی کارکرد معانی ثانوی فعل امر در نثر سیاست نامه بررسی شده است. فعل امر مهم ترین بخش جملات انشایی در سیاست نامه است. نویسنده به دلیل محتوای تعلیمی این کتاب، فعل امر را بیشتر در معنای ثانوی ارشاد و راهنمایی به کار برده است. ازآنجاکه متن برای مطالعه شاهان و کارگزاران حکومتی نوشته شده است، دقت ِنظر بر چگونگی بهره بردن نویسنده از معانی ثانوی جملات امری، می تواند علاوه بر آشکارساختن برخی دلایل توفیق و ماندگاری کتاب، شناخت دقیق تری از اندیشه نظام الملک نیز به دست دهد. این پژوهش از نوع بنیادی است و روش انجام کار، دسته بندی بسامدی و تحلیل شواهد است. باتوجه به یافته های این پژوهش، بیشترین فراوانی کاربردِ معنای ثانوی فعل امر در سیاست نامه، مربوط به «ترغیب و ارشاد» و کمترین فروانی آن متعلق به «تسویه» است. همچنین نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد که خواجه نظام الملک در برخی فرازها و به خصوص در دیباچه فصل ها، به سبب احترام به مستمع (پادشاه) جمله امری را به صورت خبری بیان کرده که مجاز مرکب از فعل امر است.Identification and Analysis of the Secondary Meanings of the Imperative Verb in Siyasat-nameh of Khawaja Nizam ul-Mulk Tusi
Khawaja Nizam ul-Mulk Tusi presented his political thought in Siyasat-nameh through a preface and a series of didactic anecdotes. This work has profound literary, historical, and political layers. The present study focuses on how the secondary meanings of the imperative verbs function in the prose of Khawaja Nizam ul-Mulk. In Siyasat-nameh, the imperative is the most important part of performative (inshaʾi) sentences. Because of the didactic nature of the book, the author has most frequently used the imperative in its secondary sense of guidance and instruction. Since the text was written for kings and state officials, a close examination of Nizam ul-Mulk’s use of secondary meanings of imperative sentences not only reveals some of the reasons for the book’s success and durability but also provides a clearer insight into his political thought. Based on the findings, the highest frequency of secondary meanings of the imperative in Siyasat-nameh belongs to encouragement (targhib) and guidance (irshad), and the lowest frequency belongs to equation (taṣwiya). The results also show that Nizam ul-Mulk, in some passages—especially in the preface parts of the chapters—has expressed imperative content in declarative form out of respect for the addressee (the king). Keywords: Khawaja Nizam ul-Mulk Tusi; Siyasat-nameh; Secondary Meanings of the Imperative Verb. Introduction Khawaja Nizam ul-Mulk is the most important theorist of political thought in the Islamic period, and his Siyasat-nameh is among the key writings of the Iranian-Islamic tradition of political advice. Its fundamental organizing idea is the notion of the ideal kingship (Ṭabaṭabaʾi, 1999, pp. 142–143). His views are the outcome of “the experience he collected over long years of vizierate, which he gathered in Siyasat-nameh, a work that today is counted among the finest Persian prose texts” (Ṣafa, 1984, p. 36). Among the political Andarz-namas that had been written in Iran before and after Islam, Siyasat-nameh holds a special position. The aim of the present study is to analyze the rhetorical aspect of imperative sentences in Khawaja Nizam ul-Mulk’s Siyasat-nameh. Attention to this aspect of the secondary meanings of imperatives is necessary because of the primary audience of the work—Sultan Malikshah Seljuq—and, as the author himself states, “all kings and holders of authority” who “cannot dispense with having and knowing this book” (cf. Niẓam al-Mulk, 1965, p. 2). To this day, and to the best of the researcher’s knowledge, no independent research has been conducted specifically on the secondary meanings of the imperative in Siyasat-nameh. Materials and Methods This study is fundamental in nature. The data collection procedure consisted of identifying all imperative sentences in Siyasat-nameh, classifying them according to their secondary rhetorical purposes, and then analyzing the data. Finally, the findings were presented statistically and in the form of charts. Research Findings In this study, all imperative sentences in Khwaja Niẓam al-Mulk’s Siyasat-nameh were identified and classified on the basis of their secondary purposes. The aim, besides analyzing the different secondary meanings of the imperative, was to provide a frequency-based account of how imperative sentences with secondary meanings are used in the work. Such an investigation can help explain one of the reasons for the work’s success and longevity, and can also shed light on some linguistic features of the book and on Niẓam al-Mulk’s artistry in composing one of the finest specimens of Persian prose. The aim of the current study is the examination of the secondary meanings of the imperative in Siyasat-nameh by Khawaja Nizam ul-Mulk Tusi. For this purpose, all imperative sentences in the text were identified, analyzed, and classified. The findings show that the most frequent secondary meaning of the imperative in Siyasat-nameh is encouragement, guidance, and instruction, which is fully consistent with the
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