فناوری های نوین و تحول دولت (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از پدیده های اثرگذار که در سال های اخیر ظهور و بروز پیدا کرده فناوری های نوین است که در چهارچوب انقلاب صنعتی چهارم بازتعریف می شود. به باور متخصصان، این مؤلفه مانند انقلاب های صنعتی پیشین قابلیت دارد که کلیت زیست بشر اعم از سیاست، فرهنگ و اقتصاد را درآینده دچار دگردیسی کند؛ در مقاله پیش رو پرسش اصلی چگونگی تأثیر فناوری های نوین بر دولت است. این پژوهش از نوع بنیادی و دارای رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی است که از طریق بررسی داده های کتابخانه ای به تحلیل رابطه فناوری های نوین با مفهوم دولت می پردازد. برمبنای یافته های تحقیق، ارکان دولت-ملت متأثر از فناوری های نوین رو به تغییر بوده و طبیعتاً کارویژه دولت ها نیز متفاوت خواهد شد. عناصر چهارگانه دولت-ملت در مفهوم وستفالیایی یعنی حکومت، حاکمیت، سرزمین و جمعیت در شرف تحول قرارگرفته است. براین اساس عناصر قدرت، امنیت، مؤلفه های تهدید و نحوه تعامل بین دولت ها نیز تغییر خواهد کرد و نیاز به بازاندیشی و مدل سازی مجدد دارد. تغییر مدل حکمرانی، تغییر کارویژه دولت از مجری به کارفرما یا قاعده گذار، ورود بخش خصوصی به حوزه های انحصاری دولت و تغییر ابزارهای اجبار دولت نمونه هایی از مصادیق این تغییر محسوب می شود که در این مقاله مورد تأمل قرار خواهد گرفت.Examining the Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Transformation of the Concept of State
Introduction Today, science and technology have become the most powerful and enduring agents of social change and transformation in international affairs (Skolinloff, 2002). Emerging technologies can reinvent various economic, social, and political spheres, while also creating significant gaps across different sectors of government (UNDP, 2021). Science and technology are relatively new players on the world stage, and as Arthur Clarke—the person who first suggested the possibility of satellite communications—observed, for most inhabitants of the planet, advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic (Bromley, 2002). It is also worth noting that advances in technology have repeatedly played an important and influential role in global change. However, the model of influence in the Fourth Industrial Revolution will differ from that of the past. The impact of technology on areas related to government is a topic that appears intermittently in the works of many thinkers in this field. Although technology is not extensively addressed in earlier works, its role and impact have been acknowledged in terms of both quantity and quality. By examining scholarly views, it can be claimed that the role and influence of technology—regardless of its degree—is referenced across various thinkers, including commentators from the three main paradigms of international relations: realism, liberalism, and constructivism (Eriksson, 2021). It is also worth mentioning that, over time, as we move from the past to the present, the emphasis on technology as an influential force on the concept of the state has increased. Different scholars, each from their own perspective, have examined the influence of technology on the concept of the state. Current security systems are being challenged; digital and algorithmic systems are being created; data warfare is emerging; state knowledge is increasing; the tools at the disposal of governments are being empowered; and international regimes and norms are being shaped by a new, platform-based order. Other noted effects include the quantitative and qualitative enhancement of both hard and soft power of governments, the changing form and image of traditional warfare, the reduction of traditional state authority, shifts in models of governance and in the tools of state supervision and control, and the growing role of non-state actors and technology giants. In the following article, the main question is: What is the impact of new technologies on the concept and specific functions of the state? Methodology This research is fundamental in nature and adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. It analyzes the relationship between emerging technologies and the state by examining library resources and applying established scientific research methods. Results and discussion The subject of new technologies is categorized under the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (UNDP, 2021). A key distinction exists between the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and those of previous industrial revolutions (Schwab, 2017). While the first three revolutions transformed human life, they preserved the traditional foundations of the "state" and the conventional principles governing nation-state relations. In contrast, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is disrupting the traditional principles, rules, and assumptions that have governed nation-states since the Treaty of Westphalia. This treaty, which ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, established political units separated as nation-states defined by four characteristics: sovereignty, government, territory, and population. An examination of previous industrial waves reveals that their changes not only preserved but also constituted the nature of these four pillars. New technologies, however, are now challenging the very nature of these components. As a result, the future relationships and dynamics among these pillars will differ from the past, meaning new technologies will
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