دگرگونی مفهوم صلح در پرتو سازه انگاری: گذار از صلح منفی به صلح پایدار (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با وجود توجه به مفهوم صلح در روابط بین الملل، نگاه تقلیل گرایانه به صلح به عنوان «فقدان خشونت» مانعی در درک پویای این پدیده است. این مقاله با اتکا به نظریه سازه انگاری و معرفی رویکرد «صلح ترکیبی»، چارچوبی برای حرکت به فراسوی مفاهیم صلح منفی و مثبت و بررسی صلح پایدار ارائه می دهد. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و تحلیلی، متون نظری و مطالعات موردی همچون پایان جنگ ایران و عراق و فروپاشی رژیم آپارتاید در آفریقای جنوبی را بررسی و سیاست های بین المللی و ابتکارات سازمان ملل را نیز در زمینه حفظ صلح تحلیل کرده است. این پژوهش با توجه به خلا پژوهشی در تحلیل جامع ابعاد فرهنگی، اجتماعی و هویتی صلح و نیاز به رویکردهای ترکیبی در تحقیقات صلح، اهمیت ویژه ای دارد. یافته ها نشان می دهد که تحقق صلح پایدار مستلزم گذار از صلح منفی (صرفاً غیاب خشونت) به صلح مثبت (تأمین عدالت اجتماعی و نهادهای دموکراتیک) و در نهایت تثبیت شرایطی است که در آن ساختارهای عادلانه، هنجارهای مشترک، و مشارکت جوامع محلی به طور پایدار درهم تنیده شده اند. در این میان، صلح ترکیبی با پیوند دادن ارزش های جهانی دموکراسی و نهادسازی با ظرفیت های بومی، مدلی کارآمدتر برای ایجاد صلح ارائه می کند. در واقع، صلح پایدار فرآیندی مستمر و بازتولیدشونده است که تنها از طریق گفت وگو، آموزش و مشارکت فعال جوامع محلی قابل دستیابی است.The Evolution of the Concept of Peace from the Perspective of Constructivism: From Negative Peace to Sustainable Peace
Objective This study critically explores and expands the concept of peace, challenging its traditional reductionist interpretations in international relations. It focuses specifically on the transition from negative peace—the mere absence of violence—to a more holistic understanding of sustainable peace. Using constructivist theory, the study develops a comprehensive theoretical framework that views peace as a dynamic and multifaceted process. This framework emphasizes the integration of global norms with local capacities while exploring the central role of collective identity formation and social constructs in shaping peacebuilding. Introduction In international relations, the predominant conceptualization of peace has frequently been reduced to the mere absence of violence, commonly referred to as negative peace. This perspective, however, is overly simplistic, failing to address the profound structural roots of conflict, such as inequality, injustice, and deficiencies within democratic institutions. Employing constructivist theory, this paper critiques and expands this limited understanding by introducing the notion of hybrid peace. This paradigm transcends the limitations of both negative and positive peace, emphasizing the integration of global norms—such as democracy and human rights—with local cultural capacities to achieve sustainable peace, which is understood as an ongoing and dynamic process. Methodology This research employs a qualitative and analytical approach, combining a review of theoretical literature with case studies and document analysis. It examines pivotal events such as the Iran-Iraq War and the collapse of apartheid in South Africa to illustrate the complex transition from negative to positive peace. The study also analyzes international policies and UN peacekeeping efforts, highlighting their role in shaping and sustaining peacebuilding processes. By integrating these case studies and documents through a constructivist lens, the research provides insights into the multifaceted nature of peace. Results and Discussion The study's findings indicate that sustainable peace is not a static achievement, but a dynamic and evolving process. Negative peace, which halts direct violence, often fails to address underlying causes of conflict, such as structural inequality and social injustice. This is illustrated through case studies examining the Iran-Iraq War and the collapse of apartheid in South Africa. For example, the cessation of hostilities in the Iran-Iraq War marked negative peace, yet unresolved territorial disputes and national identity issues demanded more than an end to violence. Similarly, the collapse of apartheid in South Africa brought negative peace, but persistent racial and economic inequalities necessitated a shift to positive peace. This transition requires establishing positive peace, which fosters social justice, equality, and democratic governance. However, positive peace remains insufficient if it does not adapt to evolving societal needs. In post-apartheid South Africa, for example, ongoing racial and economic disparities hindered sustainable peace despite democratic governance. Transitioning to positive peace required reconciliation efforts, the promotion of justice, and a direct address of apartheid’s legacies ingrained within social and economic structures. This research emphasizes that sustainable peace constitutes an ongoing process, requiring continuous efforts to improve social structures, promote inclusive governance, and uphold justice. Crucially, sustainable peace cannot be achieved in isolation or through external imposition. It demands active participation from local communities, alongside dialogue, education, and the development of shared norms and values to foster cooperation and mutual understanding. This principle is exemplified in the contexts of the Iran-Iraq War and apartheid South Africa, where peacebuilding was more effective when local engagement and cultural unders
تبلیغات
