چیستی زبان در نظرگاه احمد غزالی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در سنّت عرفانی ما، احمد غزالی، یکی از عرفای برجسته ای است که از منظرهای مختلف بر عرفا، نویسندگان و شعرای پس از خود تأثیر بسزایی گذاشت. یکی از ابعاد مهم شخصیت او، نظریه پردازی در حوزه های مختلف است. از این رو بررسی آرا و نظرهای احمد غزالی از جنبه های مختلف، ضروری و حائز اهمیت است. یکی از سویه های بایسته و قابل وارسی در آثار غزالی، بررسی نگره های او درباره عنصر «زبان» و ماهیت آن است. پژوهش حاضر که به شیوه توصیفی- تحلیلی و با رویکردی پدیدارشناختی به آثار احمد غزالی نوشته شده است، به بررسی آرای او در حوزه چیستی زبان می پردازد. نتایج این جستار نشان می دهد که او در مواجهه با مقوله زبان، بیشتر دیدگاهی هستی شناسانه دارد تا نگاهی ابزاری و زبان شناسیک. غیر از رویکرد عام او به زبان که با عنصر «دل» پیوند دارد، با تأمل و درنگ در آثار غزالی می توان تلقی او از مفهوم زبان را در دو حوزه دسته بندی کرد: 1- بررسی چیستی زبان در معنای عام و بر پایه نظریه بازی های زبانی 2- بررسی زبان در معنای خاصِ عرفانیِ آن در قالب گفت، سکوت و فراسکوت.The Nature of Language in Ahmad Ghazali’s View
The Nature of Language in Ahmad Ghazali’s View Mostafa Mirdar Rezaei * Farzad Baloo ** In the Sufi tradition, Ahmad Ghazali is a prominent mystic who profoundly influenced mystics, writers, and poets after him from various perspectives. One of the significant aspects of his personality is theorizing in different fields. Therefore, examining Ahmad Ghazali’s opinions and views from various aspects is necessary and important. One of the essential and investigable aspects in Ghazali’s works is the examination of his perspectives on the element of “language” and its nature. The present research, written in a descriptive-analytical manner with a phenomenological approach to Ahmad Ghazali’s works, examines his views on the nature of language. The results of this study show that in dealing with the category of language, he has a more ontological view than an instrumental and linguistic one. Apart from his general approach to language, which is linked to the element of the “heart,” by contemplating Ghazali’s works, his perception of the concept of language can be categorized into two areas: 1- Examining the nature of language in the general sense, and based on the theory of language games. 2- Examining language in its specific mystical sense in the form of speech, silence, and beyond-silence (meta-silence). Keywords: Ahmad Ghazali, Language, Language Games, and Linguistic Possibilities. Introduction Ghazali is a multi-dimensional mystic with expertise in various fields. One of the important aspects of his personality is theorizing in different fields. For this reason, Shafiei Kadkani considers him more inclined to “intervene” compared to his brother Muhammad because what he says is “the result of his own reflections and spiritual achievements” (Shafiei Kadkani, 2013: 521). Therefore, examining Ahmad Ghazali’s opinions and views from various aspects is necessary and important. One of the essential and investigable aspects in Ghazali’s works is the examination of his perspectives on the element of “language.” It is important to note that the category of language in this study refers to understanding the nature of language itself and the mystic’s perception of its essence (first-degree knowledge), rather than focusing on its instrumental aspect, which is considered second-degree knowledge. More precisely, it is about the nature of language itself, not the aspect of language that “determines how we think” (Culler, 2003: 80). To enter the spiritual world of mystics, we are compelled to recognize a
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