سیاستگذاری هوش مصنوعی و اولویت های معادله قدرت (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هوش مصنوعی(AI) به عنوان پارادایم و کالای قدرت در دهه چهارم قرن ۲۱ ظهور کرده و در حال بازتعریف چشم اندازهای اقتصادی و سیاسی جهانی است. سیاستگذاری هوش مصنوعی بر کنش های رفتاری، کنترل محیطی، دموکراسی و تولید اقتصادی تأثیر گذاشته و حوزه هایی مانند آموزش، حقوق بشر، مهاجرت و سرمایه گذاری را دستخوش تغییر می کند. این پژوهش به بررسی سیاستگذاری هوش مصنوعی و سیاست قدرت پرداخته و تأثیرات آن بر اقتصاد، صنعت و کنش های اجتماعی را تحلیل می کند. فرضیه اصلی بیان می کند که حکمرانی مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی بر پایه دولت های قدرتمند، تغییرات دموکراتیک، کنترل افکار عمومی(دیپ فیک)، نظارت عمومی، ژئواکونومی بدون سرمایه و کالایی سازی نیروی کار انسانی است. با استفاده از رویکرد تخریب سازنده شومپیتر و روش تحلیل تحولات پارادایمیک، این پژوهش بررسی می کند که چگونه هوش مصنوعی موجب تغییر در ساختارهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی و حکمرانی راهبردی می شود. یافته ها نشان می دهند که هوش مصنوعی در حال بازتعریف توزیع قدرت، انقلاب های صنعتی و پویایی های اجتماعی است و سیاستگذاری های تطبیقی برای ایجاد تعادل میان نوآوری، ثبات اقتصادی و عدالت اجتماعی ضروری خواهند بود.Artificial Intelligence Policymaking and the Power Equation Priorities
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative and omnipresent force in the 21st century, shaping global economic structures, political systems, governance mechanisms, and societal norms. With its capability to automate processes, predict behaviors, and process vast amounts of data, AI is revolutionizing industries, influencing international relations, and reconfiguring the traditional balance of power. As a result, policymakers are increasingly turning to AI in an effort to navigate a rapidly evolving world where technological, economic, and geopolitical boundaries are being redrawn.
AI's influence on power structures—both at the national and international levels—cannot be understated. This technology is reshaping behavioral actions, environmental control, economic policymaking, and governance, introducing new forms of social control and surveillance. In particular, states and corporations have adopted AI policymaking strategies to secure economic dominance, enhance political influence, and exercise social control. The primary research question that this study aims to explore is: How does AI policymaking reshape the structure of power, governance, and social control at both national and international levels? The hypothesis underpinning this investigation is that AI policymaking and the associated power dynamics are structured around a few key themes: the consolidation of strong states, the rise of democratic revolutions, the expansion of social control, the enhancement of public surveillance, and the increasing reliance on algorithmic governance.
In exploring this question, the study will analyze the ways in which AI is transforming the functioning of the state, the marketplace, and the global balance of power, focusing specifically on its role in advancing technological oligopolies and shaping new forms of governance. This exploration will include the interplay between AI and emerging global power structures, especially as it pertains to the economic and political dominance of key global actors, including the United States, China, and the European Union.
Methodology
This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, combining paradigmatic transformation analysis with process analysis to assess the influence of AI on power structures across various domains. The study draws on three primary theoretical frameworks to better understand the multifaceted role of AI in reshaping power dynamics:
Schumpeter’s Creative Destruction Theory: Joseph Schumpeter’s theory of creative destruction offers a lens through which we can examine how AI disrupts established economic systems. This theory highlights the process through which technological innovations displace older industries and ways of thinking, creating new opportunities but also rendering existing business models obsolete. In the context of AI, creative destruction is particularly relevant, as AI technologies continuously challenge traditional capital-intensive industries by automating processes and enabling data-driven economic models that shift the center of power away from traditional industrial sectors.
Zuboff’s Surveillance Capitalism: Shoshana Zuboff’s concept of surveillance capitalism is crucial for understanding AI’s role in contemporary governance. Surveillance capitalism refers to the ways in which data, particularly personal data, is commodified by corporations and governments in order to predict and manipulate behavior. With AI technologies such as machine learning and big data analytics, the scale and scope of surveillance have expanded exponentially. AI allows corporations and states to track, analyze, and influence individual and collective behavior on an unprecedented scale. This phenomenon, Zuboff argues, undermines privacy, freedom, and autonomy, leading to the erosion of democratic values and the rise of a new form of governance focused on control and manipulation.
Evans and Rauch’s Strong State Theory: The concept of a “strong state” is particularly relevant to understanding AI policymaking, as it emphasizes the necessity of effective state intervention in regulating technological advancements. The strong state theory, developed by James Evans and others, argues that effective governance requires states to adopt a robust regulatory framework that can manage technological and economic change while ensuring that these innovations serve the public good. In the context of AI, this theory underscores the importance of state regulation to protect citizens from the potentially harmful effects of unregulated AI development and its applications in areas such as surveillance, social credit systems, and algorithmic governance.
To explore these theoretical frameworks, the study involves a comparative analysis of AI policymaking in three key global powers: the United States, China, and the European Union. The analysis uses a range of sources, including policy documents, scientific reports, and empirical studies, to examine how these actors are adopting and regulating AI technologies. This comparative approach provides insight into the varying strategies and priorities of global powers in shaping AI governance and policy.
Results and Discussion
The findings of this study suggest that AI policymaking is influencing governance, economic structures, and social control mechanisms in three distinct but interconnected ways:
Economic Transformation: AI is driving a fundamental shift toward a new kind of geo-economy, one that is increasingly detached from traditional capital-intensive models. In this new economic landscape, data has become the primary resource, and AI technologies enable the optimization and monetization of data on a global scale. Corporations such as Google, Amazon, and Tencent, among others, are at the forefront of this transformation, consolidating power by leveraging AI and big data to dominate industries such as finance, healthcare, retail, and communications. The reliance on AI-driven algorithms to manage and allocate resources means that traditional forms of capital investment are being overshadowed by investments in data infrastructure, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing. Consequently, the shift to a data-centric economy has led to an increasing concentration of power within tech corporations and a decline in the dominance of state-controlled industries.
Social Control and Algorithmic Governance: AI has also given rise to new forms of social control, most notably through algorithmic governance and surveillance technologies. In many countries, states and corporations have implemented AI-driven surveillance mechanisms to monitor individuals' behavior and ensure compliance with societal norms and regulations. These tools include facial recognition systems, biometric tracking, predictive policing algorithms, and social credit systems, all of which enhance the ability of governments and private entities to monitor, predict, and influence individual and collective behavior. In China, for example, the government has implemented a widespread social credit system that uses AI to assess and rank citizens' behavior based on their interactions with government services, financial transactions, and social media activities. These systems, while purportedly aimed at improving social order, raise serious concerns about privacy, autonomy, and the potential for authoritarian control.
Geopolitical and Strategic Implications: AI is also reshaping the global balance of power, with the rise of AI superpowers such as the United States and China competing for dominance in the development and deployment of AI technologies. This competition extends beyond the economic realm and into geopolitics, where AI is becoming a tool for influence and power projection. AI technologies are increasingly being incorporated into military strategies, particularly in areas like cybersecurity, autonomous weapons, and intelligence gathering. This militarization of AI has implications for global security, as countries race to develop the most advanced AI capabilities in order to gain an edge in international diplomacy and warfare.
Conclusion
The advent of AI is reshaping the global order in ways that are fundamentally altering power structures, governance models, and societal norms. As AI continues to develop, it is clear that states, corporations, and global institutions must grapple with its implications in terms of regulation, social control, and economic policy. The consolidation of power in tech oligopolies, the rise of algorithmic governance, and the erosion of traditional democratic structures are all part of the ongoing transformation of the global political economy. However, AI also presents an opportunity for states to craft regulatory frameworks that balance technological innovation with ethical considerations and democratic values. Future AI policymaking should focus on ensuring transparency, protecting human rights, and preventing the concentration of power in the hands of a few entities. Only through thoughtful, comprehensive regulation can AI be harnessed for the greater good of society, rather than reinforcing existing power imbalances.
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