معرفی نسخه خطی فتوحات جمیله (حماسه ای تاریخی مذهبی در قلمرو عثمانی) و ویژگی های سبکی آن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از زمینههای پیوند امپراتوری عثمانی با زبان و ادبیات فارسی، سرایش فتحنامههایی است به زبان فارسی که در قلمرو زبان ترکی پدید آمده است. نسخة فتوحات جمیله[1] از فتحالله عارف ازجمله این فتحنامههاست در شرح غزوات سلطان سلیمان اول که تاکنون به چاپ نرسیده و حاوی اطلاعات ارزشمندی است درباره فتوحات محمدپاشا و احمدپاشا وزرای سلطان سلیمان در مجارستان. این اثر بهدلیل برخورداری از برخی ویژگیهای رسمالخطی، بلاغی و ادبی درخور توجه است؛ لذا این پژوهش بر مبنای روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و منابع کتابخانهای به معرفی ویژگیهای ظاهری، رسمالخطی و ارزشهای ادبی و زبانی این اثر پرداخته است. نتیجه حاصل از این بررسی نشان میدهد که ازنظر ویژگیهای رسمالخطی میتوان نشانههایی از زیباسازی و تزئین خط را بهوسیلة ادغام حرف «نون» با حروف پیشین کلمه، قرار دادن سه نقطه در زیر حروف «سین»، «ی»، «ب» و بر فراز حروفی چون «ف»، «ت» و «ز» مشاهده کرد. املای متفاوت برخی از کلمات نسبت به رسمالخط امروزی نیز شایان توجه است. همچنین، این اثر، ویژگیهای ژانر حماسی در زیرگونه حماسة تاریخیـمذهبی را دارد؛ بنابراین اشاره به شخصیتهای بزرگ اسلامی و باورهای اسلامی و نیز تأثیرپذیری از شیوة بیان و صحنهپردازیهای حماسی شاهنامه فردوسی در آن آشکار است. ویژگیهای سبک خراسانی استفاده از واژگان محاورهای و ساخت ترکیبهای بدیع و زیبا از ویژگیهای بسیار برجسته زبانی آن محسوب میشود. در سطح ادبی و زیباییشناسی در کنار کاربرد تشبیهات نو، کاربرد آرایههایی چون اغراق، مجاز، استعاره و کنایه نمود بیشتری دارد که متأثر از لحن و فضای حماسی است.Introducing the Manuscript of Fotuhat Jamila (A Historical-Religious Epic in the Ottoman Empire) and Its Stylistic Features
The writing of conquest letters in Persian, which originated in the Turkish-speaking world, serves as a bridge between the Ottoman Empire and Persian language and literature. One notable example is the unpublished manuscript of Fatullah Aref's Fotuhat Jamila , which describes the campaigns of Sultan Suleiman I. This work offers valuable insights into the conquests of Muhammad Pasha and Ahmad Pasha, the ministers of Sultan Suleiman in Hungary. It is distinguished by its calligraphic, rhetorical, and literary elements. This study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized library resources to examine the visual, calligraphic, literary, and linguistic characteristics of the manuscript. The findings indicated that the calligraphy featured decorative elements, including the merging of the letter "Nun" with preceding letters and placement of three dots under the letters "س" ,"ب", and "ی", as well as above letters, such as "ف" ,"ت", and "ز". Additionally, the work exhibited characteristics of the epic genre within the historical-religious epic subgenre, referencing significant Islamic figures, Quranic verses, and narratives, while also echoing the style of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh through its expression and epic scenes. The linguistic features reflected the prominent Khorasani style, showcasing beautiful combinations and creating a rich tapestry of language. At the literary and aesthetic level, the manuscript employed innovative similes and effectively utilized rhetorical devices, such as hyperbole, simile, metaphor, and irony, all of which were influenced by the tone and atmosphere of the epic. Keywords : Manuscript, Calligraphy, Grammar, Literary Genre, Fotuhat Jamila. Introduction The popularity of the Persian language during the Ottoman period significantly influenced the cultural and literary trends of the era, particularly in the realm of historical writing in the style of Shahnameh . Within the Ottoman court, reading and composing Shahnameh became commonplace, reaching its zenith during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. By his orders, a position known as "Shahnameh-Chi" or "Shahnameh-Gu" was established within the Ottoman government. While these works cannot be directly compared to Ferdowsi's Shahnameh or the tradition of Shahnameh composition in Iran, it is essential to analyze and examine their historical, geographical, religious, and cultural significance due to their grandeur and linguistic and literary richness. The writing and calligraphy styles, as well as the illustrations found in these works, provide valuable insights into the study of calligraphy and the evolution of Persian artistic expression. Materials & Methods The manuscript of Fotuhat Jamila contained approximately one thousand verses, which described Suleiman I's campaign against Hungary and his conquests in 958 (Riyahi, 1369: 147). This study aimed to examine and analyze the significance of this work through linguistic, literary, historical, and geographical perspectives, following a brief introduction to the manuscript's external and calligraphic characteristics. Research Findings Author: Fathullah Arif, also known as Fathullah Chalabi, Fathullah Effendi, and Fathullah Ajami, was a poet and the founder of the Ottoman Shahnameh . In addition to Fotuhat Jamila , he authored several other works, including Shahnameh of the Othmans (Riyahi, 146), The Event of Sultan Bayezid with Selim Khan , Selim Nameh , Travels of Suleiman , Persian Diwan , Historical Verses , Sanam Khyal , Fars Khyal , Risaleh fil-Moa'ma , and the unfinished Hunar Nameh . Appearance of the Manuscript: The notable manuscript H.1517 at the Topkapi Palace was associated with this work and was listed as Number 160 on page 61 of the library's manuscript catalog. This manuscript comprised 64 pages (32 sheets) written in Nastaliq script and included 7 miniatures depicting scenes of war, the siege of castles, the massacre of inhabitants, the arrangement of the army, and the attire of the Sultan and his guards. Script: This manuscript did not possess any distinctive script features given its date of composition in 964 H. Q. Similar to many manuscripts predating the 10 th century, the letter "پ" was written as "ب" ,"گ" as "ک", and "چ" as "ج". However, the manuscript demonstrated an evolution in Persian script through consistent punctuation in the writing of the letter "ش" in all instances and "چ" in most cases. Linguistic Features: From a grammatical standpoint, the author of Fotuhat Jamila adhered to the rules of Persian language prevalent in the 4 th and 5 th centuries AH, maintaining the style and context of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh . Thus, features, such as the conjugation of past and present tense verbs, the use of plural markers, conjunctions and prepositions, the neuter sign, agreement between predicates and adjectives, and various forms of number usage were consistent with Persian grammar from these two centuries. Rhetorical Features: In terms of rhetorical techniques and aesthetics, the work aligned with the literary traditions of the Khorasani and Seljuk styles. The text frequently employed exaggeration, simile, metaphor, and irony, reminiscent of the epic literature from the Ghaznavid and Seljuk periods. Unlike Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , the poet in this work tended to embellish language with a variety of rhetorical devices. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This manuscript, dating to 964 AH, did not exhibit any distinctive calligraphic features. Similar to most manuscripts from before the 10 th century, the letter "ف" was written as "ب" and "گ" as "ک." However, the manuscript reflected an evolution in Persian calligraphy through the consistent use of punctuation for the letters "چ" and "ش" in most instances. The scribe also enhanced the calligraphy by adding decorative dots and merging certain letters. An examination of the linguistic and grammatical aspects revealed that the author adhered to the Khorasani style. A notable feature of the vocabulary was the use of archaic, rarely employed, and even obsolete words, demonstrating the poet's imitation of the Khorasani period's language. Additionally, the manuscript incorporated Turkish words, typically referring to conquered places or figures, as well as a high frequency of Arabic terms. In terms of Persian grammar, the work showcased features characteristic of the 4 th and 5 th centuries AH, including the conjugation of past and present tense verbs, the use of plural markers, conjunctions and prepositions, the neuter sign, agreement between adjectives and nouns, the accusative case, and various forms of numeric expression. Given that Fotuhat Jamila was composed to describe the conquests of Sultan Suleiman I and his armies and ministers, it belonged to the epic genre. The heroes and heroines of this Masnavi were real historical figures, qualifying it as a historical-religious epic within the broader epic genre. One of the primary objectives of the Ottoman Sultan's expeditions was to eliminate Christian and non-Islamic elements.
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