سالمندی زیسته: مطالعه ای پدیدارشناسانه درباره وضعیت سالمندان شهرکرد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
سالمندی مانند هر پدیده دیگری آثار و تبعات ساختاری و فردی خود را دارد و می تواند به طرق گوناگونی مطالعه شود. دو روش غالب مطالعه سالمندی، بررسی آثار و تبعات ساختاری آن در سطح کلان یا تحلی کیفیِ تجارب زیسته سالمندان در سطح فردی و خرد است. مقاله حاضر سالمندیِ زیسته 14 نفر از سالمندان شهرکرد را با روش پدیدارشناسانه تحلیل کرده است. روش نمونه گیری، روش هدفمند غیرتصادفی بوده و از مصاحبه ساختارنیافته و عمیق برای گردآوری داده ها استفاده شد. واحد تحلیل جمله و از چارچوب تحلیلی پیشنهادی ون منن برای تحلیل داده ها استفاده شده است. براساس تحلیل داده ها سالمندی زیسته مشارکت کنندگان را می توان ذیل چهار مقوله عمده تن_روانِ ناتوان و ملول، انقطاع و فاصله گیری از اکنونیت، فضای زیسته مقایسه ای آکنده از ترس و ناامیدی، هستی تصدیق ناشده و روابط انسانی آزاربخش توصیف و تفسیر کرد. در بین ابعاد وجودی متعدد سالمندی، بُعد تن_روان ناتوان و ملول جوهر اساسی سالمندی را شکل می دهد.Lived Aging: A Phenomenological Study on the Situation of the Elderly in Shahrekord City
IntroductionAging, like any other phenomenon, presents both structural and individual effects, leading to diverse consequences that can be explored through various methodologies. The two primary approaches are examining the structural impacts of aging and conducting qualitative analyses of the lived experiences of older adults. This article investigated the lived experiences of 14 elderly individuals in Shahrekord City using a phenomenological method. A non-random, purposive sampling technique was employed and the data were collected through unstructured, in-depth interviews. The unit of analysis was the sentence and Van Manen's analytical framework served as the basis for data interpretation. Based on the analysis, the participants' experiences of aging could be categorized into 4 main themes: a disabled and disenchanted body-mind, disconnection and distancing from the present, a comparative lived space filled with fear and despair, and an unacknowledged existence characterized by troubling interpersonal relationships. Among these existential dimensions of aging, the disabled and disenchanted body-mind emerged as the fundamental essence of the aging experience. Materials & MethodsThis study employed Van Manen's descriptive-interpretive phenomenological approach. Van Manen does not prescribe a specific method or sequence for conducting phenomenological research; instead, his framework outlines the methodological aspects and focal themes for analysis. In this research, in-depth interviews were conducted with elderly residents of a Kurdish city to gain insights into their lived experiences of aging by using a non-random sampling method aligned with the research objectives. The participants consisted of 14 elderly individuals selected based on specific criteria: they were at least 60 years old and were living in either a nursing home (6 individuals) or at home (8 individuals) and included both genders (6 men and 8 women). Additionally, all participants were able to communicate and expressed a willingness to engage in the interviews.For data analysis, a combination of detail-oriented and selective methods was employed to identify and extract themes. The detail-oriented approach involved examining each sentence line by line, while the selective approach highlighted statements that contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the elderly's experiences, particularly within the four analytical dimensions proposed by Van Manen. The analysis was inductive, moving from specific sub-themes to broader thematic clusters.The categorization and clustering of the main and comprehensive themes were based on Van Manen's four analytical dimensions: lived body (corporeality), lived space (spatiality), lived time (temporality), and lived human relationships (relationality).A brief description of these dimensions:Lived Body: Referring to the phenomenological reality, in which individuals exist.Lived Space: Encompassing the sensory environment or landscape within which people navigate their lives.Lived Time: Pertaining to moments of heightened pleasure, anxiety, or apprehension influenced by an individual's overall state and condition.Lived Relationship: Involving the connections we share with others in the realm of interpersonal interactions. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe research findings indicated that the most fundamental essence of the participants' experience of aging was characterized by a disabled and disenchanted body-mind. The external appearances and physical capabilities of the elderly had been significantly altered, resulting in visible signs of metamorphosis and disability. These changes were recognized as the first tangible indicators of aging and the decline of both physical and mental faculties perceived by those close to them and the participants themselves.Another critical aspect of the participants' experience of aging was their disconnection from the present moment. This theme suggested that the elderly often found themselves more preoccupied with recalling painful past experiences or lamenting lost abilities and opportunities than with engaging in the "now". Many expressed feelings of despair and hopelessness as they contemplated the possibility of liberating themselves from unpleasant aspects of life or they prepared, either directly or indirectly, to confront the reality of death.The elderly often interpreted their living spaces through a comparative lens, contrasting their current situation with their past or potential future. These comparisons highlighted unfulfilled desires from the past or unattainable expectations for the present and future, fostering a sense of persistent fear and despair in their lives. However, the lived spatiality of the elderly was diverse; spaces like homes or nursing facilities were perceived and understood in various ways by different individuals.Additionally, the core characteristic of the dimension of lived relationality for the elderly participants in this study was identified as unacknowledged identity and distressing social relationships. This theme revealed that, for various reasons—particularly the real or perceived decline in their physical abilities—their existence had often been overlooked by those close to them. They were frequently discouraged from expressing their feelings and engaging in routine activities, such as speaking, washing their hands and faces, and eating, leading to experiences of unsatisfactory social interaction.In conclusion, lived aging is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon that requires a comprehensive understanding of all elements and dimensions influencing the life experiences of the elderly. This understanding necessitates recognizing the interconnectedness of these factors and their impacts on one another.
تبلیغات
