نقدی بر سنّت علمی جونپوری درکتاب جامع بهادرخانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
قرن هفدهم تا نوزدهم در هندوستان، موج گسترده ای برای ترجمه و بازنویسی و جمع آوری متون فارسی و عربی دانشمندان دوره اسلامی آغاز شده بود. جامع بهادرخانی، نوشته غلامحسین جونپوری، بعنوان یکی از دایره المعارف های آموزشی شبه قاره در قرن نوزدهم، در حوزه حساب و هندسه و نورشناسی و نجوم، شمایی از نوع نگاه علمی حاکم بر مدارس علمی شبه قاره را به ما می دهد. با وجود آنکه در این سه قرن مذکور، استعمار بریتانیای کبیر بر تمام نهادهای علمی و آموزشی هندوستان احاطه داشته، اما آثاری همچون جامع بهادرخانی که بیشتر تحت تاثیر متون و سنت علم قدیم بوده اند تا پیشرفت های علمی جدید. تا آنجا که در جامع بهادرخانی با وجود معرفی برخی نظریه ها و اکتشافات جدید مانند نظریه حرکت تقدیمی زمین توسط نیوتن یا کشف قمر های سیاره زحل در اوایل قرن نوزدهم، اما باز پایه مطالعات نجومی جونپوری بر اساس مدل منسوخ بطلمیوسی و متون بزرگان مکتب مراغه و سمرقند است. یا در مبحث مناظر و مرایا همان مکتب اقلیدس را پیش می گیرد که در قرن نوزدهم در غرب اثری از آن در نورشناسی جدید وجود نداشت. در این مقاله با روش توصیفی تحلیلی به بررسی چگونگی و چرایی دلبستگی جونپوری در کتاب جامع بهادرخانی به سنت علم قدیم می پردازیم.About Jaunpuri et his book Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani
In the seventeenth to the nineteenth century in India, a wide wave began to translate, rewrite, and collect the Arabic and Persian texts of Islamic scholars. Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani is one of the educational encyclopedias subcontinent in the nineteenth century, in the field of arithmetic and geometry and optics and astronomy, gives us the mentality of the dominant scientific view of scientific schools subcontinent. Although in the above-mentioned three centuries, Great Britain is surrounded by India on all scientific and educational institutions but works like Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani that most influenced the ancient science texts and traditions were so serious scientific advances shows that India's scientific growth in this century has passed and the Army. As far as astronomical studies of Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani based on an older version of Ptolemy and Maragheh and Samarkand school is great texts while this book introduces some new theories and discoveries such as the theory of the precession of the Earth by Newton deals or the discovery of the moons of Saturn in the early nineteenth century. Or the topic of optics, he is the school Euclid before that in the nineteenth century in the West, there was no trace of it in new optics. 1. IntroductionIn the seventeenth to the nineteenth century in India, a wide wave began to translate, rewrite, and collect the Arabic and Persian texts of Islamic scholars. Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani is one of the educational encyclopedias subcontinent in the nineteenth century, in the field of arithmetic and geometry and optics and astronomy, gives us the mentality of the dominant scientific view of scientific schools subcontinent. Although in the above-mentioned three centuries, Great Britain is surrounded by India on all scientific and educational institutions but works like Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani that most influenced the ancient science texts and traditions were so serious scientific advances shows that India's scientific growth in this century has passed and the Army. As far as astronomical studies of Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani based on an older version of Ptolemy and Maragheh and Samarkand school is great texts while this book introduces some new theories and discoveries such as the theory of the precession of the Earth by Newton deals or the discovery of the moons of Saturn in the early nineteenth century. Or the topic of optics, he is the school Euclid before that in the nineteenth century in the West, there was no trace of it in new optics. In this article, we will investigate how and why Jaunpuri's tendency in Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani's book to the tradition of ancient science with a descriptive analytical method.1.1. Research MethodologyThe method of this research to arrive at the answer to its fundamental questions is a historical-explanatory method which collects its historical data first with a descriptive approach and then analytically with a library method. The best examples of astronomical sources from the ancient Greek, Islamic and late medieval periods, as well as historical books related to the subcontinent in ancient and contemporary periods, include our historical data, on the basis of which the complete book of Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani is described and criticized. In this article comparison and comparison of available versions of Punjab Public Library, Lahore, Pakistan, Marashi Library, Malik Library, Islamic Council Library and National Library of Islamic Republic from Iran were used.2. Discussion and Research backgroundConcerning the existing version of the complete book of Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani, it should be added that the only complete version of the book is in the Punjab Public Library, Lahore, Pakistan, and of course, this version has been reprinted in 1386 AH by Azad Islamic University Publications, Science. Development Office, and Farid Ghasemlou also wrote an introduction to present the author and this book. Furthermore, Seyyed Hossein Hosseini Nonharvi Ghazinpuri, a scientist and a famous Persian writer of the subcontinent and famous for Bahrul Uloom, had written a detailed critique of the Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani, in the volume of one third of the text of the Jami, who was also praised by Jaunpuri , but according to Akbar Sobout's evidence in his book titled Shirazi Philosopher of India, no work from this edition is available. Shortly after the publication of the complete book of Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani in 1873, John Tytler wrote a report on this book, including the introduction to its chapters, some of the astronomical knowledge and geometric relationships therein presented, in the form of an article that the Islamic Azad University published Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani and the full text was attached. But in this article, no explanation was given for the first and second chapters, and only a brief introduction was given for the rest of the chapters. Finally, it must be said that no research or analytical criticism has been conducted about Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani.3. ConclusionLooking at Indian scientific texts from the 17th to 19th centuries, there are still many scientific texts that are translations, rewritings or compilations of Persian and Arabic texts by Iranian scientists. Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani, as a comprehensive encyclopedia in the fields of arithmetic, geometry, optics and astronomy of 19th century India, is the main narrator of the scientific opinions of great Iranian scientists. It is noted that during the period of writing and publication of this book, British colonialism surrounded all scientific and educational institutions in India, with the movement of European orientalists and scientists to the subcontinent and creation new observatories and libraries. The latest scientific achievements of the world were visible and accessible in this area. However, in Jami'-i-Bahadur Khani, despite the introduction of some new theories and discoveries, such as Newton's theory of the precessional motion of the Earth or the discovery of the star Saturn at the beginning of the 19th century, but still the foundation of astronomical studies of Jaunpuri based on the texts of the elders of the schools of Maragheh and Samarkand, such as Nasir al-Din (al-)Tusi and Mullah Ali Qushji, Ghiyās-ud-dīn Jamshīd Kāshānī and Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, or in matters of landscapes and mirrors, he follows the same school of Euclid, which was surveyed in the West in the 19th century.Based on the externalist attitude of historiography and attention to the social, political, cultural, economic and intellectual requirements of 19th century Eastern society, there are several theories as to why Muslim scholars of India , they do not pay attention to Western texts, violated theories of predecessors, lack of familiarity with modern scientific and academic methods and emphasis on individual studies, lack of compatibility of Eastern epistemic structures with new Western scientific theories and He emphasized in this regard. If we think that 19th century India was trying to protect the scientific heritage of ancient Muslims and its ancient scientific tradition, we can see that Jaunpuri's discoveries in this book are no better than those of his predecessors, such as Ibn al-Haytham, Ibn Sina. , Ibn Sahl and -Fārisī and also the philosophical and astronomy foundations of Jaunpuri are very elementary and incomplete. If we have another view, according to which Jaunpuri did not have access to various texts in the field of optics and astronomy, then his reference to the great scholars of the new astronomy and optics, such as Newton of a hand, and other sources of ancient optics and astronomy and various descriptions, this hypothesis is not accepted.Finally, it can be concluded that 19th century India is at the beginning of its scientific growth and prosperity and the transition from its scientific traditions to the achievements of modernity, and that its scientists such as Gholamhossein Jaunpuri, despite the connection with the achievements of in the modern world, they lacked philosophical and experimental understanding of the new sciences. Scientists are powerless. 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