تدوین مدل بومی شاخصه های ارزیابی آمادگی صادرات برای شرکت های کوچک و متوسط ایران
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف: در سالیان اخیر اهمیت شرکت های کوچک و متوسط به عنوان رکن اصلی اقتصاد کشورها بر همگان روشن شده است. صادرات به عنوان یکی از استراتژی های این قبیل شرکت ها برای توسعه بازار، بیشتر برای بقا و بین المللی شدن مطرح شده است؛ اما شرکت های کوچک و متوسط به دلیل محدودیت هایی که دارند، کمتر از شرکت های بزرگ در این امر امکان موفقیت دارند، از این رو هدف پژوهش حاضر، تدوین مدل بومی شاخصه های ارزیابی آمادگی صادرات برای شرکت های کوچک و متوسط ایران می باشد.روش پژوهش: مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از روش آمیخته (نظریه پردازی داده بنیاد به منظور نظریه سازی و آزمون نظریه با استفاده از مدل معادلات ساختاری) به ایجاد الگویی برای ارزیابی آمادگی صادرات شرکت های کوچک و متوسط می پردازد. در فاز نظریه پردازی 25 مصاحبه با افراد واجد شرایط انجام گرفت و الگوی مدنظر بر اساس 6 مقوله اصلی و 25 مقوله فرعی ساخته شد. سپس آزمون های مختلف آماری جهت تأیید مدل از ابعاد مختلف بر روی 198 نمونه انجام گرفت.یافته ها: کشف و شناسایی شاخصه های ارزیابی آمادگی صادراتی در شرکت های کوچک و متوسط ایرانی، در این پژوهش مورد حصول قرار گرفت.نتیجه گیری: شرکت های کوچک و متوسط باید حساسیت خود را نسبت به کسب اطلاعات بالا ببرند تا بتوانند از فرصت های صادراتی بهترین بهره را ببرند. از طرفی اخذ استانداردها و گواهی نامه های بین المللی هم برای بازار داخلی کشور جذاب است و هم برای موفقیت در بازارهای خارجی بسیار تأثیرگذار است، بنابراین، با توجه به اهمیت آن ها می بایست نسبت به اخذ آن ها تلاش مجدانه ای صورت گیرد.Developing a Native Model for Export Readiness Assessment Indicators for Small and Medium Enterprises in Iran
Objective: In recent years, the importance of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) as the backbone of countries' economies has become clear to everyone. Export has been suggested as one of the strategies of such companies to develop the market, more possibility for survival and internationalization. But SMEs are less likely to succeed because of their limitations than large-size enterprises.Method: Therefore, frameworks and models have been developed to assess the readiness of such enterprises to do so. But Iranian SMEs are experiencing completely different conditions that require other frameworks and models to do so. The present research creates a framework for assessing the export readiness of SMEs using a mixed method (Grounded theory method for theorizing and theory-testing using parametric statistical methods). In the theorizing phase, 25 interviews were conducted with qualified individuals and the framework was constructed based on 6 main-categories and 25 sub-categories. Then, different statistical tests were performed on 198 samples to confirm the framework from different dimensions. The results showed the importance of all main-categories, sub-categories as well as their constituent indicators. Other tests performed on quantitative samples also revealed other interesting results.Results: In order to identify indicators of export readiness in Iranian small and medium-sized companies, in the current research, a combined method and the type of connecting quantitative and qualitative data was used. In the first stage, based on a data-based approach (of a systematic type) during interviews with 25 experts, managers, consultants and experts related to small and medium-sized companies, a paradigm model for evaluating export readiness based on 6 main categories, 25 categories Sub and 121 open codes were counted and designed, and these items were the basis for compiling the questionnaire in the quantitative section. In the next stage, by analyzing the information obtained from the sample people through the questionnaire and in order to investigate the importance of the six main factors and the identified components and indicators in order to evaluate the export readiness of small and medium-sized companies, from the single T-mean test. A sample was used. The results of this test showed the importance of all the main factors, sub-categories, as well as their constituent indices. Further, the results of the Friedman test showed that the factors related to the recovery mix (under the central phenomenon of the research), the factors related to the foreign market (under the causal conditions affecting export readiness), the causes caused by internal restrictions (under the background factors affecting export readiness), attitudinal and cognitive factors of business (under the intervening conditions of export readiness), strategies related to the analysis of the business environment (under strategies affecting export readiness) and consequences related to the field of human resources (under the consequences of readiness export) have assigned the highest priority and importance. Finally, examining the status of the research hypotheses using the structural equation model showed that there are positive and significant relationships between all dimensions of the conceptual model.Conclusions: Small and medium-sized companies mainly suffer from the problem of not knowing the target market, selling the product in the same format as the main market in the new market, not being aware of the environmental conditions, especially the legal and regulatory conditions of the target market, and not being aware of the level of competition in the target market. And unfortunately, many export efforts remain sterile due to these preventable problems or lead to business failure. Perhaps the best strategy for small and medium-sized companies is to fill the gaps in the target markets instead of entering the new market, disrupting and appearing too bold. Disruptiveness causes the existing balances in the market to be disrupted, which arouses sensitivities, and considering the lack of ability of small and medium-sized businesses to compete in non-native markets, this may not be logical. Exporting is a big change in the way of small and medium companies. Exporting, like any fundamental change, needs a strong leadership with a transformative style to be able to lead the organization through difficult turbulences on the way to health and add this as one of the aspects of the organization. Considering the importance of supply chain management in the matter of export, which makes the organization to emphasize and focus on providing inputs from within the country for its risk management. Also, the necessity of exporting according to the conditions mentioned above makes the new successful form of small and medium businesses in Iran based on innovation and production of products relying on domestic inputs and immediate action to export. Therefore, the necessary structural arrangements by small and medium companies should be considered. Many opportunities, including the reduction of tariffs, also occur in foreign markets, which create good opportunities as export incentives. Small and medium companies should increase their sensitivity towards obtaining information so that they can take the best advantage of such opportunities. On the other hand, obtaining international standards and certificates is attractive both for the country's domestic market and is very effective for success in foreign markets, therefore, due to their importance, diligent efforts should be made to obtain them.
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