بررسی و تحلیلی بر نمایش تاریخ و باستان شناسی در موزه ملی ایران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
موزه ملی ایران یک موزه باستان شناسی است که حجم عظیمی از آثار خود را مستقیماً از کاوش محوطه های باستان شناسی به دست می آورد. در مقایسه با دیگر موزه هایی که در جهان، آثار ایرانی را در تملک دارند و یا به نمایش می گذارند، این یک امتیاز ویژه برای موزه ملی ایران است. اما با عنایت به رسالت جدید موزه در عصر حاضر، در راستای توجه به مخاطب، نمایش بهینه و روایت سازی پرسش اینجاست که موزه ملی ایران چگونه از این امتیاز در نمایش اشیاءِ خود در موزه بهره برده تا مخاطب را افزون بر آگاهی بر اهمیت حفظ و نگهداری میراث گذشته، به یادگیری در زمینه باستان شناسی سوق دهد؟ و این خصلت ها چه نمودی در شیوه های بازنمایی و ارائه آثار در موزه دارند؟ در این پژوهش، پس از مروری بر ادبیات مرتبط با تاریخچه و رسالت موزه های باستان شناسی، به آن دست از ارزش های ویژه مجموعه های باستان شناسی برای نمایش موزه ای پرداخته و سپس، به مدد یک تحلیل ساختاری و محتوایی، کار موزه ملی در نمایش اشیاء و مجموعه های باستان شناختی ارزیابی می شود. رویکرد پژوهش کیفی و روش گردآوری داده ها، افزون بر استفاده از داده های کتابخانه ای، مشاهده مستقیم و نیز مصاحبه با دست اندرکاران موزه است. یافته های پژوهش حاکی از غلبه طبقه بندی گاه شمارانه براساس دوره های اصلی باستان شناختی و سلسله های پادشاهی است که با نگاهی موضوعی و برجسته سازی اشیاء شاخص تکمیل شده است. همچنین، تلاش برای بازآفرینی زمینه تاریخی، رویکرد زیبایی شناسی به چیدمان مجموعه باستان شناسی، از طریق هم نشینی اشیاء هم اندازه و مشابه با نظمی دقیق و رعایت فاصله ها، از دیگر تمهیدات موزه ملی برای نمایش اشیاء باستان شناسی است. در نهایت، این پژوهش با بهره گیری از مبانی نظری نمایش اشیاء باستان شناسی و نیز رسالت و اهداف این شکل از موزه ها، بهره گیری از رویکردهایی چون تاریخ زنده و باستان شناسی معاصر را در نمایش این موزه پیشنهاد می کند.Investigation and Analysis of History and Archaeological Display in the National Museum of Iran Short
The National Museum of Iran is an archaeological museum that directly acquires a vast majority of its artifacts from excavations at archaeological sites. Compared to other museums around the world that possess or exhibit Iranian artifacts, this is a unique advantage for the National Museum of Iran. However, considering the museum's new mission in the contemporary era, focusing on audience engagement, meaning-making, and storytelling, the question arises: How has the National Museum of Iran leveraged this advantage in displaying its artifacts to not only raise awareness about the importance of preserving and protecting the past heritage but also to educate visitors about archaeology? What are the special characteristics of archaeological objects and collections that a museum can utilize for interpretation and education? And how are these characteristics reflected in the ways artifacts are displayed and presented in the museum? This article, after reviewing the literature related to the history and mission of archaeological museums, will examine the unique values of archaeological collections for museum display and then, through a structural and content analysis, evaluate the National Museum's work in displaying archaeological objects and collections. The research approach is qualitative, and data collection methods include the use of library data, direct observation, and interviews with museum staff. The research findings indicate a predominance of chronological classification based on major archaeological periods and royal dynasties, which is complemented by a thematic approach and highlighting of significant objects. Additionally, efforts to recreate historical contexts and an aesthetic approach to the arrangement of archaeological collections, through the juxtaposition of objects of similar size and type with precise order and spacing, are among the National Museum's other measures for displaying archaeological objects. Finally, this article, drawing on theoretical foundations of displaying archaeological objects and the missions and goals of this type of museum, proposes the use of approaches such as living history and contemporary archaeology in the museum's displays.
Keywords: Museum of Archaeology, Display, Archaeological Collection, National Museum of Iran, Education.
Introduction
The National Museum of Iran holds a distinguished position among archaeological museums due to its direct access to artifacts from excavation sites across the country. Unlike many other institutions that rely on acquired artifacts, this museum benefits from the continuous influx of archaeological discoveries, which enriches its collections and provides a unique opportunity for education and interpretation. The role of archaeological museums has evolved beyond mere preservation, shifting toward audience engagement and meaningful storytelling. Consequently, the National Museum of Iran faces the challenge of effectively utilizing its rich collections to educate visitors about Iran’s historical and archaeological heritage.
This study aims to examine the museum’s exhibition strategies, focusing on how it presents archaeological objects to create awareness about cultural preservation and education. It explores whether the museum employs methods that align with contemporary trends in archaeological museology and evaluates the extent to which its displays contribute to historical understanding. Through a qualitative research approach, including literature review, direct observation, and interviews with museum staff, this research identifies the main techniques used in the museum’s display strategies.
Findings suggest that the National Museum of Iran primarily employs a chronological classification system, organizing artifacts according to major archaeological periods and dynasties. This method provides visitors with a clear historical framework while incorporating thematic approaches that highlight significant objects. The museum also attempts to recreate historical contexts by arranging artifacts in a manner that reflects their original use. These strategies align with established museological principles but also reveal areas where further enhancement could enrich visitor experience.
Discussion
The National Museum of Iran adopts a structured approach to artifact presentation, integrating both chronological and thematic methods. The chronological classification serves as the foundation, presenting artifacts in a sequential order that traces Iran’s historical development. This arrangement is supplemented by thematic groupings, where objects are displayed based on material composition, function, or cultural significance. For instance, pottery, inscriptions, and metalwork are often grouped to facilitate a comparative understanding of craftsmanship and usage across different periods.
A distinctive feature of the museum’s display strategy is its effort to recreate historical contexts. Objects are arranged with careful consideration of size, type, and spatial organization to evoke the environments in which they were originally used. This approach enhances visitor engagement by offering a more immersive experience. However, despite these efforts, there are certain limitations in the museum’s display methods. While the arrangement effectively conveys historical continuity, it could benefit from incorporating more interactive elements to foster deeper engagement.
Additionally, the museum’s current presentation methods could better integrate contemporary archaeological perspectives. Featuring ongoing excavations, conservation efforts, or insights from archaeologists could establish a stronger connection between past and present. Such an approach would not only emphasize the relevance of archaeology in modern society but also encourage visitors to appreciate the dynamic nature of historical interpretation.
The museum also employs various techniques to provide contextual information, including explanatory panels, maps, and historical illustrations. While these aids support visitor comprehension, their effectiveness could be enhanced through improved design and accessibility. A more structured and visually engaging interpretive framework could further facilitate audience engagement, making the exhibitions more informative and appealing to diverse visitor demographics.
Conclusion
The National Museum of Iran plays a crucial role in preserving and presenting the country’s archaeological heritage. Its direct access to artifacts from excavation sites provides an invaluable resource for education and storytelling. By employing a chronological classification system supplemented by thematic arrangements, the museum successfully provides visitors with a structured understanding of Iran’s historical evolution. Additionally, efforts to recreate historical contexts contribute to a richer exhibition experience, allowing visitors to visualize ancient environments.
However, the museum’s current display strategies, while effective, leave room for improvement. Enhancing visitor engagement through interactive elements and contemporary archaeological narratives could strengthen the museum’s educational impact. The integration of archaeological fieldwork, conservation efforts, and research findings into exhibitions could create a more dynamic and comprehensive experience for visitors. Moreover, refining interpretive materials, such as exhibition labels and informational panels, could further improve accessibility and comprehension.
In conclusion, while the National Museum of Iran has made significant strides in archaeological display, adopting innovative and audience-centered approaches could elevate its role as an educational and cultural institution. By aligning with global best practices in museology and prioritizing visitor engagement, the museum can fulfill its mission of preserving Iran’s heritage while inspiring future generations to appreciate its historical significance.
Museum of Archaeology,Display,Archaeological Collection,National Museum of Iran,Education,
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