واکاوی اثر حضور گردشگران خارجی در اماکن مذهبی بر نگرش آن ها درباره تشیع (مورد مطالعه: گردشگران خارجی حرم مطهر علی بن حمزه علیه السلام) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر حضور گردشگران خارجی در اماکن مذهبی بر نگرش آن ها درباره تشیع انجام پذیرفته است. پژوهش به صورت توصیفی – تحلیلی و با روش کیفی و مصاحبه های حضوری انجام شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش دربردارنده گردشگران خارجی غیرمسلمان بازدیدکننده از حرم مطهر علی بن حمزه (ع) در شیراز است. پانزده نفر از این گردشگران با روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده و با آنان مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته صورت گرفته است. اطلاعات به صورت کدگذاری باز و محوری و گزینشی با روش گراندد تئوری تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که عوامل علّی شامل اشتراک ادیانی و تصویر ذهنی گردشگر از ایران و اسلام بر تغییر نگرش گردشگران مؤثر واقع می شود، هرچند در این بین و پیش از سفر القائات رسانه ای و تخریب هدفمند شبکه های مخالف نگرشی منفی و همراه با ترس ایجاد کرده است. همچنین، نتایج نشان می دهد که مقوله هایی مانند شکوه معماری ایرانی اسلامی و اشتراکات دینی، به همراه روحیه مهمان نوازی و توجه به بانوان، زمینه ساز تغییر نگرش آن ها درباره تشیع بوده است. کارکردهای فرهنگی و مذهبی گردشگری مذهبی نیز سبب شکل گیری باوری درونی به مذهب شیعه در گردشگران پس از ورود آنان به ایران و اماکن مذهبی شده است. این باور زمینه ساز انگیزه سفر دوباره آنان به ایران و بازدید از اماکن دیگر و نوعی تبلیغ شفاهی در خارج از کشور برای گردشگران دیگر خواهد شد.Analyzing the Impact of the Presence of Foreign Tourists in Religious Places on Their Attitude Towards Shiism
The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of the presence of foreign tourists in religious places on their attitude towards the Shia religion. The current research is descriptive-analytical with qualitative method and face-to-face interviews. The statistical population of the research included non-Muslim foreign tourists visiting the Holy Shrine of Ali Bin Hamza.These people have been selected by the purposeful sampling method of 15 people and a semi-structured interview has been conducted using the qualitative method. Data analysis has been done in the form of open, central and selective coding using the grounded theory method. The results of the research show that the causal factors including religious affiliation, the tourist's mental image towards Iran and Islam have been effective in changing the actual attitude of the tourists, although in the meantime and before the trip, media inductions and the targeted destruction of opposing networks have a negative attitude and accompanied by fear. have created Also, the results showed that categories such as the splendor of Iranian-Islamic architecture and religious commonalities along with the spirit of hospitality and attention to women have been the basis for changing their attitude towards the Shia religion, and the cultural and religious functions of religious tourism have led to the formation of an inner belief in the tourists towards the Shia religion. After entering Iran and religious places, this belief has been the basis of the renewed motivation to travel to the country and visit other places and a kind of word of mouth advertising abroad for other tourists. Keywords: Religious tourism, Religious attitude, Religious places 1. IntroductionReligious tourism is not a new phenomenon, but it has been for many centuries that people travel to religious and holy places for various reasons, including curiosity, worship and participation in religious ceremonies. Tourism and religion are two aspects of contemporary civilization that have common ground with each other. Both of them have been somehow influential in people's lives, mixed with their lives and had sometimes positive and sometimes negative consequences for the parties (Scott, 2010). Research and investigation regarding religious tourists, since about 89% of Iran's population are Shia Muslims, is important because investigating the attitude formed in the minds of foreign tourists towards Islam and especially the Shia religion plays an essential role in introducing the country and the Islamic religion. In this regard, this research intends to answer the basic question that wether the presence of foreign tourists in Iran's religious places has an effect on their attitude towards the Shia religion? And on the basis of answering this question, it has been investigated and recognized the effective causal, contextual and intervening factors on foreign tourists’ attitudes towards the Shiite religion 2. Literature ReviewReligion as a research concept existed before the 1990s. A number of concepts and theories have been developed mainly by researchers in the geography literature (see Buettner, 1974; Isaacs, 1962; Rinsche and Sievers, 1987; Sofer, 1981). In the early stages of the concept's development, the literature focused primarily on pilgrimage as a "ritual process" and spiritual experience (Cohen, 1979; McConnell, 1973, 1976; Turner, 1969). During different studies, regarding tourism, researchers have investigated various topics about religious tourism and in all topics have come to the point that religion and tourism are closely related to each other (Stausberg, 2011). Vukonic (2002), points out that "the relationship between religion, tourism and economy is a suitable and interconnected symbiosis". In this regard, there are three approaches in which researchers have paid attention to the intersections of religion and tourism: the spatial approach (pilgrims and other tourists who occupy the same space with different behaviors), the historical approach (the relationship between religious forms of travel and tourism) and the cultural approach (pilgrimage as a modern mode of tourism in the (post)modern world) (Bremer, 2005; cited in; Olsen, 2006).Mueller and Scheurer (2011) emphasize that religious tourism does not only include pilgrimage and preaching trips, but also different sectors in the religious tourism market, including: pilgrimage, spiritual trips, leisure time, escape from stress, religious conferences and conventions, historical destinations and attractions. There are religious, retreats, guesthouses, adventures, extended family visits, volunteer activities, generational and intergenerational transitions.Different segments of religious tourism as described by Stausberg (2011) include pilgrimages, conferences, seminars, spiritual retreats and festivals. Also, McKercher (2016) proposed a six-level taxonomy of tourism, in which religious travel is classified as a “search for personal meaning,” which refers to religious travel for personal reasons related to self-improvement or learning, and it includes pilgrimage. Accordingly, in some texts, religious tourism is defined as a type of escape from everyday life, or holy time or ritual renewal (Norman, 2012: 31).In a general definition, religious tourism is the visit of tourists with motives other than pilgrimage and performing religious acts to holy places such as shrines, temples, historical mosques, tombs of holy religious people and the like, which includes all religions. There are two categories of religious tourists: the first category is those who visit the holy places of their religion, such as Muslims who go to visit their holy places such as historical mosques, and the second category are those who visit the holy places of other religions, such as people who are not Christians but visit churches. In the operational definition of tourism motivations, motivations are divided into three categories: cultural (familiarity with customs, watching attractions and handicrafts), religious (visiting religious places), and psychological (entertainment, rest, use of special climate, health physical) are divided (Guderzian, 2013). 3. MethodologyThe main method used in the research is the qualitative research method and conducting semi-structured interviews, along with the grounded theory method. In the systematic way attributed to Strauss and Corbin (1990), the interviews were coded and analyzed. In this method, it is possible to develop a basic theory by using the data that is systematically obtained through research.The statistical population of the research includes non-Muslim foreign tourists visiting the religious places of Shiraz, especially the shrine of Hazrat Ali Hamzah (AS). These people were selected by purposeful sampling. The number of samples studied included 15 foreign visitors to the Holy Shrine. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured way during half-hour to one-hour. The research interviews continued until reaching theoretical saturation (saturation was achieved by conducting 15 interviews). To measure reliability in this research, the "retest reliability" method was used, which refers to the consistency of data classification over time. 4. ResultsAfter conducting the research interviews, a number of 196 concepts were obtained. These concepts were divided into two areas: negative factors affecting the attitude of religious tourists before entering and factors affecting the attitude after entering Iran and when leaving. In the first stage, the most important concepts were obtained in two main categories (Media inductions and Targeted destruction) affecting the negative attitudes towards the Shia religion. which are shown in the following table:In the second stage, in order to investigate the positive impact on the attitude of tourists towards the Shiite religion, the questions have been set in such a way that their views can be obtained when they leave the country. In this context, four main categories were obtained: The splendor and charm of Islamic architecture; Religious commonality and religious study; Respect and special attention to women; and Hospitality and respect of the shrine attendants. 5. ConclusionThe analysis of the interviews and the findings of the research show that traveling to Iran and meeting Iranians and their presence in the country's religious places have changed their attitudes. Based on this, it can be said that traveling to Iran has increased the knowledge of foreign tourists. After being in the country, their views and attitudes towards Iran and the Shiite religion have improved, because as a result of negative propaganda, a kind of terror has been formed for foreigners and Islamophobia has been strengthened in them. The results and findings of this research also showed that foreign tourists in Iran are more familiar with the culture and history of Iran and the tourism infrastructure of the country along with the existing security made them more willing to visit Iran again.
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