تبیین جلوه های ادبیات غنایی در قصه های هزارویک شب براساس مبانی مکتب مینی مالیسم (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مینی مالیسم نتیجه تحولات اجتماعی، سیاسی و فرهنگی چند دهه اخیر است که در هنرهای تجسمی و غیرتجسمی به شکل چشمگیری نمود و بروز یافته است. در حوزه ی ادبیات داستانی، پیدایش مینی مالیسم را علاوه بر تأثیر شرایط سیاسی و اجتماعی، نتیجه تلاش فرمالیست ها در جهت نوآوری و ایجاد شیوه های تازه دانسته اند با توجه به اینکه منشأ داستان کوتاه و داستانک، طبق نظر فرمالیست ها، حکایت است، حکایت های هزارویک شب به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین آثار ادبیات غنایی با برخورداری از شاخصه های گوناگون داستانی بستر مناسبی را جهت تبیین مبانی مینی مالیستی کلام فراهم می آورند. در پژوهش حاضر، با روش توصیفی تحلیلی، به بیان مراتب اجتماعی روایت های این اثر پرداخته شده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی و تبیین مبانی ادب غنایی در قصه های هزار ویک شب بر مبنای شاخصه های مکتب مینی مالیسم است. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که هریک از قصه ها، با ساختاری کوتاه درصدد بیان وقایعی از زندگی روزمره ی آدمیان با تکیه بر افکار، عقاید، مبانی و آداب ورسوم یک دوره است که مناسبات اجتماعی و اخلاقی آن دوره را با تکیه بر عناصر خرافی و نمادهای شناخته شده، در یک جامعه، مورد نقد و بررسی قرار می دهند. سؤال اصلی تحقیق در پژوهش حاضر این است که مکتب هنری مینی مالیسم و شاخصه های آن، چگونه بن مایه های داستان های غنایی هزارویک شب را تبیین می کنند.Explanation of the effects of lyrical literature in the stories of the Thousand and One Nights based on the principles of the school of minimalism
Minimalism is the result of the social, political and cultural developments of the last few decades, which has been manifested in visual and non-visual arts in a significant way. In the field of fictional literature, the emergence of minimalism, in addition to the influence of political and social conditions, has been considered the result of formalists' efforts to innovate and create new methods, considering that the origin of short stories and short stories, according to formalists, is anecdotes, the tales of the Thousand and One Nights as one of The most important works of lyrical literature provide a suitable platform for the explanation of the minimalistic foundations of Kalam. In the present research, the social levels of the narratives of this work have been discussed with the analytical descriptive method. The main goal of this research is to investigate and explain the basics of lyrical literature in the stories of the Thousand and One Nights based on the characteristics of the school of minimalism. The results of the research show that each of the stories, with a short structure, tries to express the events of people's daily life by relying on the thoughts, beliefs, foundations and customs of a period, and the social and moral relations of that period by relying on superstition elements and well-known symbols. In a society, they are criticized. The main research question in the present study is how the art school of minimalism and its characteristics explain the themes of the lyrical stories of the Thousand and One Nights.Extended 1-IntroductionMinimalism is a movement that was formed about half a century ago under the influence of factors, such as the post-industrial age, war, etc., and like other phenomena, it had an effect in various fields, including art, and in the form of a tendency to brevity in literature, it has been manifested in the form of a short story, and a minimal story. As the newest type of narrative expression, the minimal story has features that some of them can be found in the narrative types in classical Persian literature. In the meantime, some of the stories of the Hezaro Yek Shab reflect a huge range of social mechanisms of the lyrical literature in the form of stories, due to having multiple social relations and the foundations of lyrical literature.Research objectiveThis research aims to investigate and explain the relations of the lyrical culture and literature and social mechanisms based on the school of minimalism in the narratives of Hezaro Yek Shab. The main necessity of dealing with the current research is to explain the verbal levels of old stories based on the principles, relationships of new criticism. Therefore, the necessity of dealing with such researches is to examine and explain the anecdotes that are based on the structural patterns of the school of minimalism. So that it can understand its social and philosophical mechanisms by explaining rhetorical relations.2-Research questions and Research MethodologyThe main problem in the design of this research is that which of the themes of Hezaro Yek Shab have lyrical relationships and how can the main structures of minimalism be effective in discovering the inner relationships of the text? Also, how do the art school of minimalism and its characteristics explain the essence of the lyrical stories of the Hezaro Yek Shab?The present research has analyzed the stories of the Hezaro Yek Shab with a descriptive-analytical method according to the components of lyrical literature based on the literary school of minimalism. DiscussionThe characteristics of the school of minimalism are comprehensive and numerous. Among the most important characteristics of the school of minimalism are limitation of characters, simple design, surprising ending, use of Sanat Talmih, dialogue element, simplicity of language, prominence of some elements of story, limitation of staging, attention to human concerns, completeness and perfection, use of attractive theme, excessive brevity, realism, and low volume and... (Parasa, 2006: 34) The characters in Hezaro Yek Shab are limited and constantly role playing, they are often petrified and static and unchanging. The behavior and actions of everyone- king, queen, minister, merchant, judge, nanny, genie, fairy, and lover are fixed and influenced by emotional and lyrical relationships, and each of them are moved in a known, pre-made pattern in a specific way. Therefore, we do not face many characters because their purpose is to express a view of the society of their time. In fact, in legends and lyrical stories, such as Hezaro Yek Shab, the characters are all static. In this context, before we are faced with dynamic characters, we are faced with specific types, such as "bad minister", "good minister", "jealous brothers and sisters", "cruel king" and "bad mood slave", which affect the story process with many emotions and feelings. (Abdollahyian, 2002: 176) The presence of animals in lyrical literature, as one of the important components and types of symbols, shows the close relationship and unbreakable link between humans and animals. In most of the lyrical stories, we see the presence of many animals, which indicates that the authors use their many characters based on their appearance, temperament, type, etc. For example," the presence of animals in the most sacred places, in the form of huge paintings or sculptures", indicates the status of animals among primitive people. (Taqavi, 1998: 99) In the stories of the Hezaro Yek Shab, animals appear in the stories with simple and unaltered language in two ways: either they are dangerous and destructive, such as wolves, dragons, snakes, rats, and dogs, which in the view of Sufiya are symbolic manifestations or they are metaphors of the self, or they are apprentices, helpers, and guides of people, who rescue heroes from terrible abysses. (Stari, 1989: 225) In ancient societies and tribes, one of the most repeated rituals of marriage is the ceremony or tradition of testing the suitors. In this way, unknown elements are placed in the path of the characters to add successive suspension in the story. The stories of Hezaro Yek Shab speak of extensive marriage relationships and events in a code language and with limited staging because marriage, by holding a ceremony, represents the transition from the stage of belonging to the clan to the stage of family formation. All the suspensions happen based on the disclosure of the secret and the scenes are limited by themselves, in the same initial levels. In this work, sometimes the woman is not stable in relation to the man and sometimes the man is not stable in relation to the woman (Ismaili, 1995: 208). In the structure of the main indicators of the school of minimalism, the selection of attractive subjects has many examples in numerous works. In the stories of Hzaro Yek Shab, the concept of unsolvable has a special importance in creating countless ups and downs that they create on the path of the story and accompanied the story by a unique charm. "In Hezaro Yek Shab, the theme in unsolvable has been mentioned many times. For example, in the story of the third Qalandar, all the doors of the palace can be opened except for one door, which whoever opens it will die or be caught in a bad fate. (Stari, 1989: 219) The use of numbers has had a special place in the beliefs of the common people for a long time, and this matter has countless examples in the stories of Hezaro Yek Shab. Some considered them sinister and some considered them holy. This is more visible in the field of lyrical literature and in the form of stories and folktales that contain examples of magic and social relationships. In Hezaro Yek Shab, Shahrazad survives because in three years, he gave birth to three sons. The theme of the three sons with a man of subjects, the youngest of whom is a hero, is frequently mentioned in stories. "During the time of the Sassanids, on Wednesday, they divided the fire into three compartments and surrounded it with the names of the three angels, Asman, Azar, and Aban, who were close angels, and they jumped and then divided the fire into seven parts" (Reza'I, 1989: 478) Magic, with a small element in Hezaro Yek Shab with several mechanisms, such as: "Science and knowledge, juggling, trickery and vision, forgetting, tricks, trickery and seduction and using false tricks, illusions and ideas, using mysterious factors in demons, possession of nature through devilish charms and spells, corruption and destruction, madness, etc., are used in the dictionary. (Khormshahi, 2019: 1193) It can be said that the dominant atmosphere of this book is a magical and illusory atmosphere. (Azer, 2008: 133) "In the words of the Qur'an, magic is found in the meanings of deception and ideas without truth and reality, such as magic, it means a work that deceives the ears and prevents the ears from hearing the truth with its useless and deceptive words (Khosravi Hosseini, 1995:191) ConclusionBy examining and explaining the numerous narrative features in the stories of Hezaro Yek Shab, it can be acknowledged that the purpose and result of the present study is to investigate and explain the relationships of lyrical literature and its social mechanisms based on the minimalism school in the narratives of Hezaro Yek Shab. It is necessary to mention that the examination and explanation of social and moral relations and relationships of a period can guide us in discovering the internal laws of a society by relying on the customs and culture of life as well as the superstitious ideas of that period. 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