تبیین مدل مفهومی شبکه سبز شهری از منظر علوم محیطی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
رویکرد پدیده های شهری براساس اصول «ایجاد شبکه» است. شبکه سازی در جهت تعریف اصول و روابط تنظیم کننده بین عناصر و بهینه سازی عملکرد زیر سیستم های شهری است؛ از این رو، فضای سبز در شهرها عاملی برای ارتقای زیست شهروندان در قالب یک شبکه موردمطالعه قرار می گیرد. به طوری که با ایجاد مدل هایی بتواند عملکرد سیستم را بسنجد و اساس یک حوزه تحقیقاتی جدید را تحت عنوان شبکه سبز ایجاد کند. شبکه های سبز شهری موجب پشتیبانی از عملکردها و خدمات اکولوژیکی می شود که به برنامه ریزی برای آینده شهرها کمک می کند. هدف این پژوهش، این است که با توجه به برداشت های گوناگون از مفهوم شبکه سبز شهری مبتنی بر دیدگاه های مختلف علمی با استنباط و استخراج اهم ابعاد، رویکردها و نگرش های مرتبط با این حوزه، مدل مفهومی را نسبت به شبکه سبز شهری از منظر علوم محیطی تبیین می کند. این پژوهش، با استفاده از روش کیفی و تحلیل اسناد مکتوب با بهره گیری از تجزیه وتحلیل هم واژگانی به استنباط و ارزیابی ابعاد، رویکرد و نگرش های حاصل از دیدگاه های مختلف توجه کرده که از بررسی 205 منبع علمی معتبر طی 21 سال گذشته به دست آمده است. سپس اطلاعات با استفاده از ابزار تجزیه و تحلیل LCA بررسی و به منظور تجزیه وتحلیل ارتباطات بین اطلاعات جمع آوری شده از نرم افزار SPAD استفاده شد. در گام آخر با تحلیل و بررسی علوم محیطی مؤثر با استفاده از نرم افزار VOSviewer، مهم ترین ابعاد، رویکردها و نگرش ها مشخص شد. یافته های پژوهش نشان دهنده آن بود که مفهوم شبکه سبز شهری با سه علوم محیطی مطالعات شهری، جغرافیای شهری و علوم اکولوژی ارتباط مستقیم دارد و این علوم در شکل گیری مدل مفهومی برای ارائه تعریف و تصویری روشن از این مفهوم در راستای به کارگیری در برنامه ریزی زیرساخت سبز شهری تأثیر بسزایی دارد. نتایج تحقیق نشان دهنده آن بود که مطالعات شهری به مفاهیمی همچون حفاظت از فضای سبز موجود در شهرها، ایجاد فرم های جدید فضایی، ترمیم و نگهداری از اتصالات میان اجزای تشکیل دهنده و ... توجه می کند. در جغرافیای شهری توجه به اصول اکولوژیک موجود در شهرها، رفع نیازهای اکولوژیکی طبیعت و انسان، زندگی شهری و ... مفاهیمی اثرگذار هستند. در علوم اکولوژی به عنوان مهم ترین حوزه تحقیقاتی در باب مفهوم شبکه سبز شهری، به ارتقای پیوستگی در فضای سبز شهری، ایجاد و طراحی کریدورهای بهینه، توجه به پیوند میان اکوسیستم های بزرگ تر با اکوسیستم شهری و ... اشاره می شود. نتایج به دست آمده نشان دهنده آن است که مفهوم شبکه سبز شهری یک زمینه تحقیقاتی چند رشته ای، با بهره گیری از روش برنامه ریزی شهری پشتیبانی شده به وسیله ابزارهای تصمیم گیری که قادر به مدل سازی زیرساخت های سبز به عنوان شبکه شهری است که از مناطق طبیعی و نیمه طبیعی شکل گرفته و به منظور توزیع برابر خدمات عمومی برای افزایش کیفیت زندگی و همچنین طیف گسترده ای از خدمات اکوسیستم و پایداری در شهرهاست.Explaining the Concept of Urban Green Network from the Perspective of Different Sciences by Developing a Theoretical Framework
Networking aims to define the principles and regulatory relationships between elements and optimize the performance of urban subsystems. Urban green networks support ecological functions and services that can help planning for the future of cities. The purpose of this research was to explain a conceptual model for the urban green network from the perspective of science according to the various perceptions of the concept of urban green network based on different scientific points of view by inferring and extracting the most important dimensions, approaches, and attitudes related to this field. By using the qualitative method and analyzing the written documents through the same lexical analysis, this research inferred and evaluated different points of view. The information was analyzed using the LCA analysis tool and SPAD software was used to analyze the relationships among the collected information by examining the effective environmental sciences. Using the VOSviewer software, the most important dimensions, approaches, and attitudes were determined. The findings of this research showed that the concept of the urban green network was directly related to the three environmental sciences of urban studies, urban geography, and ecological sciences. These sciences had a significant impact on the formation of a conceptual model to provide a clear picture of this concept in line with urban green infrastructure planning. Urban studies deal with concepts, such as protecting green spaces in cities, creating new spatial forms, etc., in urban geography, paying attention to the ecological principles in cities, meeting the ecological needs of nature and humans, etc., as the effective concepts. Ecological sciences are also mentioned as the most important research fields regarding the concept of urban green network to promote continuity in urban green spaces, create and design optimal corridors, etc. The results of this study showed that the concept of urban green network was a multi-research field. It appeared as a field supported by the urban planning method by means of decision-making tools, capable of modeling green infrastructure as an urban network formed from natural and semi-natural areas and was in line with the distribution of public services to increase the quality of life, as well as providing ecosystem services and sustainability in cities.Keywords: Urban Green Network, Green Infrastructure, Green Space, Vocabulary Analysis IntroductionCurrently, approximately 54% of the world's population live in urban areas and this number is projected to reach about 70% by 2030 due to population migration from rural to urban areas (Organization, 2019: 24). Urbanization generally causes many environmental problems that are mostly associated with the destruction or degradation of green spaces (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2017: 112). Cities with higher population densities have less green space. For this reason, the relationship of city dwellers with their living environments requires their adaptation to semi-urban areas without borders, fences, hedges, and physical or administrative constraints. They leave nature to go to the city and use it as an opportunity and improvement (Narain, 2017: 147). Therefore, increasing population and the need to meet human needs can lead to the expansion of the use of natural resources and transformation of many ecosystems into urban areas (Ersoy et al., 2019: 310), which has increased the demand for land in many countries, especially in developing countries. With the increase in urban construction, the need for land and housing has led to land use change and non-land conversion. Urban areas have become a land for urban construction (Tannier, 2016: 84). Considering these issues, it can be said that urban green network has an important place for protection of biodiversity (Angold et al., 2006: 202; Karuppannan et al., 2014). MethodologyTo answer the questions, a collection of scientific articles from reputable scientific journals was analyzed by using lexical analysis tools. This approach made it possible to extract the main semantic dimensions in question in order to highlight the current meanings and practical contexts of the green network concept, especially from an urban planning perspective. To use this method, the data collection was performed in two different stages: 1) collecting highly cited scientific articles in the field of urban green infrastructure studies during the last 21 years and 2) selecting items that contained specific references to the concept of green network. The scientific articles were collected by searching in two scientific databases, Scopus and Google Scholar. They were selected and filtered by using the main keyword (urban green space) and collected according to the number of citations. Also, the collected information led to a conclusion for each of them by identifying the main keywords of each article and examining its key points. The data were analyzed using the analytical instrument of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is an analytical tool that is able to identify the hidden meaning of a group of texts. This type of data analysis is basically based on "differences" (De Falco et al., 2021: 198). SPAD software was utilized to analyze the relationships between the collected information, such as factors and components, each of which showed an aspect of the type of communication contained in the information. In this way, the analysis allowed us to examine whether the role of urban green space towards specific issues, such as urban green network, in the scientific community had been evolving. Therefore, we could extract the main concepts that defined the stages of this evolution in the last 20 years. DiscussionExtensive urbanization has made cities more complex than ever before. As a result, "new knowledge about cities" has emerged in the scientific debate and more advanced mathematical models, especially network models, have been developed to describe and optimize physical networks and human interactions. From this perspective, the elements of the natural environment in urban patterns can be also designed and managed as networks by integrating the findings of natural and social sciences into a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, increasing attention to the different roles that green space can play for the sustainable development of urban areas has made the scientific community include the concept of green network in their vocabulary. However, by analyzing the results of the present study, which was done by using lexical analysis tools, it was clear that the concept of green network was still semantically ambiguous and unclear. The reason for this confusion was first of all due to the meanings of two terms in the concept: "green and network". In some areas of research, the term "green" refers to the definition of products, strategies, or processes that evoke the concept of sustainable development based on living conditions and the use of resources to meet human needs. From this perspective, the concept of green network can be applied not only to the system of urban natural areas, but also to other groups of interconnected elements, such as control systems of energy storage devices in electricity networks with a high share of renewable energy sources and consumer networks, which is even considered for environmental marketing strategies. For this reason, lexical analysis was performed taking into account the scientific articles published during the last 21 years in the important and prestigious journals of urban studies by using the main keyword of the concept of "green network". This indicated that the discussion about the function of green space as one of the main elements of urban green infrastructure was still very important and bold, which was characterized by the use of related research areas, such as environmental sciences, urban geography, and urban studies. Thus, the term "green" related to urban space described green spaces not only as public services, but also in a broader sense of ecosystem services, discussing new scientific evidence with regard to the relationship between ecological processes and their relative effects on the man-made environment. This issue had a special place due to the increasing importance of the consequences of climate change. ConclusionAfter reviewing the present study in relation to the various functions attributed to natural areas in urban contexts, a general definition of this concept could be considered: "A system consisting of similar parts that are connected to each other to allow movement or communication between them and also move along these sections." In fact, from the analysis of the results, it could be pointed out that the term "network" seemed to refer to a general set of natural areas in a city, which referred to the theory of network system that connected these elements, except for the ecological field, which used the same principles applied in larger ecosystems to describe the relationships between natural elements (green) on an urban scale and evaluate the ecological effectiveness of green infrastructure in a particular urban context. In short, it was obvious that the concept of green network still had many challenges as a defined topic in urban planning and system. Therefore, to avoid creating any ambiguity and provide a unique definition of the concept of green network from the perspective of urban planning, it could be stated as an urban planning action by decision support tools to create a green infrastructure as a the network consisted of natural and semi-natural areas whose connections and communications were modeled according to specific variables in order to distribute public services equally and increase the quality of life, as well as a wide range of ecosystem services. From this perspective, the concept of green network could create a multidisciplinary research field that combined natural and social sciences with computer science findings to provide tools for public administration in a way that the consequences of their selections could be understood in terms of access so as to evaluate public services and sustainability in cities. Consideration:This article was taken from the doctorate thesis of Mohammad Motaghed entitled "Evaluation of the role of urban green networks in improving life quality with an emphasis on the interlinking degree of natural and artificial elements (case study: Hamadan City)" under the guidance of Dr. Hassan Sajadzadeh and Dr. Mohammad Saeed Izadi at the School of Art and Architecture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. References- Ahern, J. (2007). Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. In V. Novotny and P. Brown (Eds.), Cities of the future: Towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management. IWA Publishing Center. Retrieved from: http://people.umass.edu/ jfa/pdf/Chapter17_ Ahern2%20copy.- Attwell, K., & Smith, D. T. (2017). Parenting as politics: Social identity theory and vaccine hesitant communities. International Journal of Health Governance, 22(3), 183-198.- Bai, Y., & Guo, R. (2021). The construction of green infrastructure network in the perspectives of ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity: The case of Harbin, China. Journal of Global Ecology and Conservation, 27, e01534. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01534.- Bastian, O., Haase, D., & Grunewald, K. (2012). Ecosystem properties, potentials, and services−The EPPS conceptual framework and an urban application example. Ecological Indicators, 21, 7-16.- Bennett, G. E., & Mulongoy, K. J. (2006). Review of experience with ecological networks, corridors, and buffer zones. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Technical Series, 23, 100.- Brunetta, G., & Voghera, A. (2014). Resilience through Ecological Network. TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility, and Environment.- Chen, C., Bi, L., & Zhu, K. (2021). Study on spatial-temporal change of urban green space in Yangtze River economic belt and its driving mechanism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12498.- De Falco, C., Punziano, G., & Trezza, B. (2021). A mixed content analysis design in the study of the Italian perception of COVID-19 on Twitter. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 8(3), 191-210.- De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. (2010). Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management, and decision-making. Journal of Ecological Complexity, 7(3), 260-272.- Ding, R., Ujang, N., Hamid, H. B., & Wu, J. (2015). Complex network theory applied to the growth of Kuala Lumpur’s public urban rail transit network. PloS One, 10(10), e0139961. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139961- Ersoy, E., Jorgensen, A., & Warren, P. H. (2019). Identifying multispecies connectivity corridors and the spatial pattern of the landscape. Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 40, 308-322.- EU Commission (2017). Green Infrastructure. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa. eu/environment/ nature/ ecosystems/index_en.html.- Éva, S. (2011). Research of town structure and green space system of Sopron, opportunities of development with a historical approach. Ph.D. Thesis, University of West Hungary.- Fenu, G., & Pau, P. L. (2018). Connectivity analysis of ecological landscape networks by cut node ranking. Journal of Applied Network Science, 3(1), 22.- Fichera, A., Frasca, M., Palermo, V., & Volpe, R. (2016). Application of the complex network theory in urban environments: A case study in Catania. Energy Procedia, 101, 345-351. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.044- Forman, R. T. T. (2016). Urban ecology principles: Are urban ecology and natural area ecology really different?. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 31(8), 1653-1662.- Frazier, A. E., & Bagchi-Sen, S. (2015). Developing open space networks in shrinking cities. Journal of Applied Geography, 59, 1-9. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.02.010- Gargiulo, C., & Tulisi, A. (2016). The building aspect ratio for an energy efficient green network design. In: G. Colombo, P. Lombardi, G. and Mondini (Eds.), E-agorà|e-aγορά for the Transition toward Resilient Communities, pp. 220-226, Torino: DIST-Politecnico di Torino, ISBN: 978-88-9052-964-1.- Gargiulo, C., & Tulisi, A. (2017). Climate change-oriented urban green network design: A decision support tool. In J. K. Gakis & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Network Design and Optimization for Smart Cities, Series on Computer and Operations Research, Vol. 8, 255-278. World Scientific. doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813200012_0011- Gargiulo Morelli, V., Weijnen, M., Van Bueren, E., Wenzel, I., De Reuver, M., & Salvati, L. (2013). Towards intelligently–sustainable cities? From intelligent and knowledge city programmes to the achievement of urban sustainability. TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 6(1), 73-86. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970- 9870/1496- Girling, C. (2008). Mitigation, adaptation, uncertainty--univerCity: Building a new green neighborhood. Journal of Places, 20(2).- Grunwald, A. (2018). Diverging pathways to overcoming the environmental crisis: A critique of eco-modernism from a technology assessment perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 1854-1862.- Hladnik, D., & Pirnat, J. (2011). Urban forestry—Linking naturalness and amenity: The case of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 10(2), 105-112. Doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2011.02.002- Hofman, M. P., Hayward, M. W., Kelly, M. J., & Balkenhol, N. (2018). Enhancing conservation network design with graph-theory and a measure of protected area effectiveness: Refining wildlife corridors in Belize, Central America. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 178, 51-59.- Hu, C. P., Hu, J. M., Deng, S. L., & Liu, Y. (2013). A co-word analysis of library and information science in China. Scientometrics, 97(2), 369-382.- Hunter, A. J., & Luck, G. W. (2015). Defining and measuring the social-ecological quality of urban green space: A semi-systematic review. Journal of Urban Ecosystems, 18, 1139-1163.- Inostroza, L. (2014). Open spaces and urban ecosystem services: Cooling effect towards urban planning in South American cities. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility, and Environment, 1.- IPBES (2019). Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (n.p).- IPCC (2014). Climate Change: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 151-159. Retrieved from: http://ar5syr.ipcc.ch/ipcc/ ipcc/resources /pdf/IPCC_ SynthesisReport.- Jim, C. Y. (2013). Sustainable urban greening strategies for compact cities in developing and developed economies. Journal of Urban Ecosystems, 16(4), 741-761. Doi: 10.1007/s11252-012-0268-x- Jim, C. Y., & Chen, S. S. (2003). Comprehensive green space planning based on landscape ecology principles in compact Nanjing city, China. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(3), 95-116. Doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00244-X- Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2009). Ecosystem services and valuation of urban forests in China. Cities, 26(4), 187-194.- Jongman R., & Pungetti G. (2004). Ecological network and greenways. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.- Kang, J., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., & Zhang, B. (2021). Ecological security pattern: A new idea for balancing regional development and ecological protection (A case study of the Jiaodong Peninsula, China). Journal of Global Ecology and Conservation, 26, e01472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gecco. 2021.e01472.- Kang, S., & Kim, J. O. (2015). Morphological analysis of green infrastructure in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Journal of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 11(2), 259-268. Doi: 10.1007/s11355-014-0268-5- Kong, F., Yin, H., Nakagoshi, N., & Zong, Y. (2010). Urban green space network development for biodiversity conservation: Identification based on graph theory and gravity modeling. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 95(1-2), 16-27.- Kowalewska, A. (2011). Sustainable urban green network concept for the city of Gdynia,Poland. In Gdynia Sustainable Green Network, 47th ISOCARP Congress.- Li, F., Wang, R., Paulussen, J., & Liu, X. (2005). Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: A case study in Beijing, China. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 72(4), 325-336. Doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.04.002- Mahmoud, A. H. A., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2011). Development of sustainable urban green areas in Egyptian new cities: The case of El-Sadat City. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(2), 157-170. Doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000076- Massa, P., & Campagna, M. (2014). Social media geographic information: Recent findings and opportunities for smart spatial planning. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 1. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/2500- Matke, C., Bienstock, D., Muñoz, G., Yang, S., Kleinhans, D., & Sager, S. (2016). Robust optimization of power network operation: Storage devices and the role of forecast errors in renewable energies. In: Complex Networks & Their Applications V: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Complex Networks and Their Applications, Springer International Publishing Center, pp. 809-820. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50901-3_64- Matthews, T., Lo, A. Y., & Byrne, J. A. (2015). Reconceptualizing green infrastructure for climate change adaptation: Barriers to adoption and drivers for uptake by spatial planners. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 155-163. Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.010- Mell, I. C. (2010). Green infrastructure: Concepts, perceptions, and its use in spatial planning. PhD Thesis, Newcastle University.- Moseley, D., Marzano, M., Chetcuti, J., & Watts, K. (2013). Green networks for people: Application of a functional approach to support the planning and management of green space. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 116, 1-12. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.004.- Mougiakou, E., & Phoutis, Y. (2014). Urban green space network evaluation and planning: optimizing accessibility based on connectivity and raster GIS analysis. European Journal of Geography, 5(4), 19-46.- Nor, A. N. M., Corstanje, R., Harris, J. A., Grafius, D. R., & Siriwardena, G. M. (2017). Ecological connectivity networks in rapidly expanding cities. Heliyon, 3(6), 310-325.- Oh, K., Lee, D., & Park, C. (2011). Urban ecological network planning for sustainable landscape management. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(4), 39-59. Doi: 10.1080/10630732.2011.648433- Ouin, A., Martin, M., & Burel, F. (2008). Agricultural landscape connectivity for the meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina). Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems, & Environment, 124(3-4), 193-199. Doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2007.09.010- Pozoukidou, G. (2020). Designing a green infrastructure network for metropolitan areas: A spatial planning approach. Euro-Mediterranean Journal of Environmental Integration, 5(2), 40. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-00178-8- Register, R. (2006). Ecocities: Rebuilding cities in balance with nature. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.- Roca, M. (2017). Green approaches in river engineering: Supporting implementation of Green Infrastructure. United Kingdom: HR Wallingford.- Rouse, D. C., & Bunster-Ossa, I. F. (2013). Green infrastructure: A landscape approach. (n.p).- Sadeghi Banis, M. (2015). Using landscape metrics in improving urban ecological network (case study: Tabriz City). Journal of Gardening News, 32, 53-62.- Salata, K., & Yiannakou, A. (2016). Green Infrastructure and climate change adaptation. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 9(1), 7-24. Doi: 10.6092/1970-9870/3723- Sandström, U. G., Angelstam, P., & Mikusiński, G. (2006). Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure of urban green space. Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(1-2), 39-53.- Scottish Natural Heritage Information Note (SNH) (2012). Green networks in development planning. (n.p).- Senanayake, I. P., Welivitiya, W. D., & Nadeeka, P. M. (2013). Urban green spaces analysis for development planning in Colombo, Sri Lanka utilizing THEOS satellite imagery–a remote sensing and GIS approach. Journal of Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 12(3), 307-314.- Şenik, B., & Uzun, O. (2021). A process approach to the open green space system planning. Journal of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 18(2), 203-219.- Shafer, C. S., Lee, B. K., & Turner, S. H. (2000). A tale of three greenway trails: User perceptions related to quality of life. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 49(3‐4), 163-178.- Sluis, T., & Jongman, R. (2019). Green infrastructure and network coherence. Routledge.- Tannier, C., Bourgeois, M., Houot, H., & Foltête, J. C. (2016). Impact of urban developments on the functional connectivity of forested habitats: A joint contribution of advanced urban models and landscape graphs. Journal of Land Use Policy, 52, 76-91.- Tian, Y., Jim, C. Y., Tao, Y., & Shi, T. (2011). Landscape ecological assessment of green space fragmentation in Hong Kong. Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 10(2), 79-86.- Tulisi, A. (2017). Urban Green Network Design: Defining green network from an urban planning perspective. TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 10(2), 179-192.- Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemela, J., & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: A literature review. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167-178.- Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2009). VOS viewer: A computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523-538.- Verdú Vázquez, A., Fernández Pablos, E., López Zaldívar, Ó., & Lozano Diez, R. (2020). Development of a methodology for the characterization of urban and peri-urban green spaces in a context of supra-municipal strategies. Journal of Land Use Policy, 69, 75-84.- Weller, B., & Ganzhorn, J. U. (2004). Carabid beetle community composition, body size, and fluctuating asymmetry along an urban-rural gradient. Journal of Basic and Applied Ecology, 5(2), 193-201. Doi: 10.1078/1439-1791-00220- WHO Regional Office for Europe (2017). Briefing note on process and results of indicator mapping exercise and proposal for a joint monitoring framework. Copenhagen.- World Health Organization (2019). Global action plan on physical activity (2018-2030): More active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization.- Wu, X. Y., Liu, X. G., Wu, B., & Yuan, X. J. (2018). Regional green infrastructure space pattern identification based on urban air conditioning. Landsc. Archit., 29, 33-37. Doi: https:// doi.org/10.14085/j.fjyl.2018.01.0033.05- WWF (2020). Living planet report 2020-bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Gland, Switzerland.- Yeang, K., & Threipland, E. (2021). At one with nature: Advances in Ecological architecture in the work of Ken Yeang. Routledge.- Zhang, B., Li, N., & Wang, S. (2015). Effect of urban green space changes on the role of rainwater runoff reduction in Beijing, China. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 140, 8-16. Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.03.014- Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2006). Planning an ecological network of Xiamen Island (China) using landscape metrics and network analysis. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 78(4), 449-456.- Zhang, Z., Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Lindquist, M. (2019). Enhancing landscape connectivity through multifunctional green infrastructure corridor modeling and design. Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 38, 305-317.
تبلیغات
