دیدگاه علامه جعفری در باب چیستی عمل و مواجهه آن با چالش های علّی گرایی
آرشیو
چکیده
فلسفۀ عمل، گرایشی در فلسفۀ معاصر است که با حوزه های فلسفۀ ذهن، اخلاق و علوم انسانی ارتباطی وثیق داشته و پیگیری مسائل آن دربارۀ عمل انسان و چیستی آن، آورده هایی برای مباحث علمی و فلسفی این حوزه های مختلف خواهد داشت. پرسش از چیستی عمل اولین و از جهتی مهم ترین پرسش در فلسفۀ عمل است؛ سؤال آن است که دقیقاً به چه چیز عمل می گوییم؟ و چه چیز آن را از یک رویداد طبیعی متمایز می سازد؟ با وجود گسترۀ بحث از عمل در تاریخ اندیشۀ اسلامی، مطالعۀ آثار علامه جعفری نشان می دهد کمتر متفکر مسلمانی مانند او به تحلیل مبسوط عمل انسان پرداخته است. علامه با دریافت ضرورت این بحث برای علوم انسانی، این موضوع را پی گرفته و در خلال مباحث خود، نکاتی را که برای فلسفۀ عمل امروز مهم است مورد بررسی قرار داده است. این پژوهش در صدد است پاسخ جعفری به پرسش از «چیستی عمل»را استنباط و در نهایت برمبنای چالش های پیشروی نظریه های معاصر مورد ارزیابی قرار دهد. در نظریّۀ عمل جعفری، عمل از مقولۀ فعل (یا به تعبیری رویداد) معرفی می شود و انتساب آن به «منِ» انسانی جایگاه ویژه ای دارد. همچنین جعفری سه مؤلفة اراده، تصمیم و اختیار را وسایلِ «من» برای تحقق عمل می داند که در میان آنها، مؤلفة اختیار مهم ترین مؤلفه محسوب می گردد. نهایتاً عمل براساس رابطه علّی میان این مولفه ها با روح، روان و بدن آدمی تعریف می شود به گونه ای که عمل پایه، حرکت روح و پس از آن، تغییر در روان و سپس سیستم عصبی بدن است.Allāma Jafari’s View on the Nature of Action and its Confrontation with the main Challenges of Causalism
The philosophy of action is a trend in contemporary philosophy that has a close relationship with the fields of philosophy of mind, ethics and human sciences, and the pursuit of its issues about human action and what it is will have implications for the scientific and philosophical discussions of these different fields. Despite the extent of the discussion of action in the history of Islamic thought, the study of Allameh Jafari's works shows that few Muslim thinkers like him have analyzed human action in detail. Realizing the necessity of this discussion for human sciences, Allameh has followed this issue and during his discussions, he has examined the points that are important for the philosophy of action today. In Jafari's theory of action, action is introduced from the category of action (or, in other words, event) and its attribution to the human "I" has a special place. Also, Jafari considers the three components of will, decision and discretion as the means of "I" to realize action, among which the component of discretion is considered the most important component. Finally, the action is defined based on the causal relationship between these components with the human soul, psyche and body in such a way that the basic action is the movement of the soul and after that, the change in the psyche and then the nervous system of the body. Extended Abstract Introduction The importance of human activism and the analysis of his actions are necessary for any thinker who wants to grasp deeper layers of human knowledge or to answer scientific issues surrounding him. In the history of philosophical thought, various philosophers have realized this necessity and have thought about action. This thought, whose history goes back to Aristotle, focused more on the principles of action and then especially on the issue of free will, rather than in the contemporary era, following the success of natural sciences in explaining natural phenomena and the ineffectiveness of human sciences in explaining human actions. Philosophical view of action found a different position. On the other hand, the prosperity of the problems of the philosophy of mind, including the problem of psycho-physical causality, along with the continuation of ethical research, made it necessary to address the questions surrounding action, so that the philosophy of action emerged as a weak trend in analytical philosophy. Of course, in this historical course, the discussions of continental philosophers in creating special attention to action should not be ignored. Today, however, practice has found a special place in philosophical thought, and even according to the opinion of some researchers such as Bernstein, if we want to, a common theme has been found between analytical and continental philosophies and at least four important contemporary schools, namely Marxism, existentialism, pragmatism, and analytical philosophy, are centered around it. To summarize, that axis will be the concept of praxis and action. In all these schools, man is considered as an agent and the nature and context of human activity is taken into consideration. The discussion of action among Muslim philosophers did not remain limited to Aristotle's opinions, and with the expansion of philosophical anthropology in the space of Islamic thought, philosophizing around the issue of action continued. The topics of the types of verb and subject as well as the principles of action, perceptive powers of the self, practical and theoretical reason and their relationship with the power of fear, as well as will and free will, which have been handed down from Farabi to Mulla Sadra and from him to today, require new and deep analyzes. It gives results about human action. On the other hand, other thinkers of Islamic sciences, especially theologians and fundamentalists, also analyzed the action and formed competing views for the philosophers' theories, in proportion to the relationship that human action and free will found with the issues of these sciences. Despite this scope of the discussion of action in the history of Islamic thought, the study of the works of Allameh Mohammad Taqi Jafari shows that few Muslim thinkers like him have analyzed human action in detail. Realizing the necessity of this discussion for human sciences, Allameh has followed this issue and during his discussions, he has examined the points that are important for the philosophy of action today. Method This research aims to infer Jafari's answer to the question of "what is action" and finally evaluate it based on the challenges of advancing contemporary theories Findings If we categorize the practical philosophy issues into the following four fundamental questions: 1. What is action? (the question of what action is) What are the different descriptions of action related to action? (Problem of action identification) How is the action explained? (the problem of explaining the action) What is discretionary action? (issue of authority) It can be said that Jafari's motivation for the discussion about action is the answer to the fourth question, which is the ancient issue of free will; But he correctly realized that this issue is closely related to our analysis of action, and this connection led him to a detailed discussion of the root of action, the principles of action, the effects and types of action, its cognitive and motivational factors, the relationship between the principle of causality and action and How scientific research is carried out. These analyzes create the capacity to respond to the other three problems of practical philosophy to some extent. The first and third questions are the main questions that are intended in this research, and Jafari's answer to them will be deduced and then reviewed and possibly completed. However, in the course of research, the answer to the second question is not completely unnecessary, and we are somewhat dependent on its discussion to solve the main questions. Conclusion The question of what action is is the first and in some ways the most important question in the philosophy of action; The question is, what exactly do we mean when we do an action or see others doing it? Is the movement of body parts an action? Or is it just part of the action, such a movement? If so, what is the other part of the action? The findings of the research are: from Jafari's point of view, action is the movement of the soul or self, which is a result of will and decision and is carried out under the supervision and control of self.
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