ساخت های تشبیهی و همسانی در لری سیلاخوری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مفهوم مقایسه در قالب ساخت های زبانی متنوعی بیان می شود. از انواع مختلف ساخت های مقایسه ای می توان به ساخت های تشبیهی و ساخت های همسانی اشاره کرد. در این ساخت ها دو گروه ارجاعی که مقایسه شونده و معیار نامیده می شوند، به علت داشتن یک ویژگی یا صفت با یکدیگر مقایسه می شوند. در ساخت های همسانی مقایسه از جهت میزان یا اندازه صفت در دو گروه ارجاعی است؛ اما در ساخت های تشبیهی مقایسه از جهت شیوه یا حالت است. در جستار حاضر تلاش شد تا انواع ساخت های همسانی و تشبیهی در گویش لری سیلاخوری بحث و بررسی شود. در این راستا، به طور عمده از آرا و روش شناسی هسپلمت (2017) بهره برده ایم. داده های پژوهش حاضر متشکل از 117 جمله از ساخت های همسانی و 81 جمله از ساخت های تشبیهی از شش گویشور در منطقه سیلاخور هستند که ازطریق مصاحبه شفاهی تهیه شده اند. یافته ها مؤید آن است که گویشوران عمدتاً از سه نوع راهبرد برای بیان مفهوم تشبیه و هشت نوع راهبرد برای رمزگذاری مفهوم همسانی در لری سیلاخوری استفاده می کنند. همچنین، داده ها نشان می دهند که گرایشی در جهت حذف پارامتر در هردو ساخت و به خصوص ساخت های تشبیهی وجود دارد.Similative and Equative Constructions in Lori Silakhori Dialect
Abstract
The concept of comparison is expressed in the form of various linguistic constructions. Among the different types of comparative constructions, we can mention similative and equative constructions. In these constructions, two referential phrases, which are called comparee and standard, are compared with each other in terms of a shared characteristic (parameter). Equatives express equal extents and similatives express equal manners. In the present essay, we attempted to discuss and investigate the similative and equative constructions in Lori Silakhori. The findings confirm that the speakers mainly use 3 types of strategies to express the concept of similarity and 8 types of strategies to encode the concept of equality in Lori Silakhori. Also, the data show that there is a tendency to remove the parameter in both constructions, especially similative construction. In addition, due to the free nature of lexical order in Lori Silakhuri, it is not possible to introduce a fixed order for the elements in similative and equative constructions.
Keywords: Lori silakhori, Similative construction, Equative construction, Comparison, Word order
Introduction
Both equative and simulative constructions have formal and semantic similarities. Equative paraphrases express equal extents and similatives express equal manners (Haspelmath & Bacholz, 1998). Notice the following examples:
Sam runs like Chita.
Sam is as tall as Anne.
Example 1 is a simulative construction and describes Sam's running manner, which is exemplified by the way Chita runs. Example 2 shows a situation, in which two referents have the same extents of a feature: Sam is tall to the same extent as Anne. The mentioned feature is a concept word usually called adjective), which is called “parameter”. Both simulative and equative constructions represent kinds of evaluation of a “comparee” by using another person or thing as a “standard”. In such constructions, there are other components in addition to comparee, parameter, and standard.
Equative standard-marker (Component 4) is a marker that is closely related to the standard. Besides, there would be an equative degree-marker (Component 2) in constructions, specifically equative construction; it is a marker that is closely associated with the parameter (Haspelmath, 2017).
The purpose of the present study was to provide a description and analysis of similative and equative constructions in Lori Silakhori. Silakhor is the largest plain of Lorestan Province in the west of Iran. There are different languages and dialects in the region of Silakhor, one of which is Lori Silakhori Dialect. Most of the villages on Silakhor Plain and a large number of the people of Dorud Area speak this dialect. Turkish language is also popular in some villages on the northern border of Silakhor (Barani, 2011). The word order in Silakhori Dialect is the same as that of Persian language and has the dominant lexical order of SOV.
In the present research, we intended to answer the following questions:
What constructions do Lori Silakhori speakers use to express the concept of similarity?
In what way(s) is the concept of equality represented in Lori Silakhori?
Materials and Methods
As it was mentioned earlier, the aim of the present study was to provide a description and analysis of similative and equative constructions in Lori Silakhori. To achieve this goal, a total of 117 sentences of equative constructions and 81 sentences of similative constructions in Silakhor Region were prepared through oral interviews with 6 native speakers. Then, we analyzed the data based on the methods and typologies of equative and similative constructions proposed by Haspelmath (2017) and Nose (2008).
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
We found 3 type of similative constructions in Silakhori:
Examples
Types of similative construction
Menitaʃesori-a.
Like fire red be-3 g
Lit: s/he is like red fire. (s/he is very mischievous).
Type 1) Comparee + SM + Standard
ʔoxar-eː-a.
s/he donk- i.a -be-3 g
s/he is a fool.
Type 2) Comparee + standard
Korvɑxoʃbord-a.
boy with Ref.3 g gone. PERF.3 g
The boy looks like his father.
Type 3) comparee + SM + standard + P.P form of the verbs (bordan/ raftan/ mɑnestan)
We also found 8 types of equative constructions in Silakhori:
Examples
Types of equative construction
Jur boa-ʃ badaxlaG-a.
S.M father-his grumpy-be.3 g
He is grumpy like his father.
Type 1) comparee + parameter (predicative) + SM + standard
Nargesvebolen-Izenab معیار hisa/ hi.
Narges to height-EZ Zenab be.3 sg
Narges is as tall as Zenab.
Type 2) comparee + DM + parameter (predicative) + SM + standard
* Only if we consider the Ezafe to be a standard marker in a structure like “ve + parameter + [EZ + standard]”.
[zemeson-o pai:z] [Gade ham/ yak]sard-an.
Winter and autumn equally each other cold-be.3 pl
Winter and autumn are equally cold.
Type 3) [comparee + standard] + DM + parameter (predicative)
Reza dezerengivehɑdi me-res-a.
Reza in clever to Hadi IMP-reach-PRES.1 sg
Reza reaches Hadi in cleverness/ Reza is as clever as Hadi.
Type 4) comparee + parameter + standard + verbs of reaching/ going/ bringing
[hardo-ʃo] dexoue:yaki-an.
Both-OBJ.PRO in goodness equal-be.3 pl
Both of them are equally good.
Type 5) [comparee + standard] + parameter + standard + verbs of reaching/ going/ equaling
Boleni (Gad) maryamvedɑ:-ʃ ne-me-res-a.
Height (tall) Maryam to mother-her NEG-IMP.M-reach-be.3 sg
Lit: Maryam’s height doesn’t reach her mother/ Maryam is not as tall as her mother.
Type 6) [comparee + parameter] + standard + SM + verbs of going/ reaching
oGadkeali م zereng-a berɑr -eʃtambal-a.
Rel.PRO that Ali clever be.3 sg brother-his lazy be.3 sg
Lit: As much that Ali is smart, his brother is lazy/ As smart as Ali is, his brother is lazy.
Type 7) relative pronoun + standard + parameter 1 + comparee + parameter 2 .
Zahraʧanimɑh-a.
Zahra how moon-be.3 g
Lit: how beautiful (moon) is Zahra/ Zahra is as beautiful as the moon.
Type 8) comparee + how + standard
The data showed that Lori Silakhori used 8 strategies to express evaluation of equality. Regarding similative constructions, the authors proved the existence of 3 strategies as well. Among the types of similative constructions, copular constructions with the similative marker are considered unmarked, but in Lori Silakhori, simple clauses with verbs, such as bordan and mɑnstan , can be used as the main predicate, in which there are no similative markers.
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