درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The present study sought to examine the effects of hope therapy and compassion therapy on rumination, depression, and erroneous beliefs within employees of organizations in Shiraz city. The statistical population included workers from Shiraz city during 2023 and 2025. The research methodology was experimental, including a design that contained both pre-test and post-test components, as well as experimental and control groups. In this pilot study, among the employees who scored one standard deviation below the mean on rumination, depression, and false beliefs questionnaires, 45 individuals were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The overall count of people in each of the three groups was 15 people. The members of the initial experimental group participated in hope therapy training together over the course of 8 sessions. The second experimental group participated in compassion therapy for a total of eight sessions. In contrast, the control group did not receive any training. Ultimately, a post-test was given to all three groups. A follow-up examination was carried out after two months too. Covariance analysis was employed for data evaluation. The results showed that both hope therapy and compassion therapy helped with rumination, depression, and inaccurate beliefs among employees, with no significant difference in their effectiveness on rumination. However, compassion therapy was found to be more effective than hope therapy in addressing beliefs. Additionally, hope therapy had a greater effect on employees' depression compared to compassion therapy. It can be inferred that training in hope therapy and compassion therapy has led to decreased rumination, depression, and misguided beliefs among staff, with this enhancement remaining consistent throughout the three-month follow-up duration.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the fit of a structural model of death anxiety and self-acceptance based on psychological flexibility and differentiation, with the mediating role of self-compassion in the elderly. Methods and Materials: The research method was fundamental, descriptive, and correlational in nature. The statistical population consisted of all individuals aged 60 years and above residing in daily elderly care centers in Nowshahr and Chalous counties from February 2024 to August 2024 (N = 232). Due to the limited size of the population, a census method was used, and research questionnaires were distributed to all members of the population. Ultimately, due to damaged or incomplete questionnaires, data from 215 questionnaires were analyzed (n = 215). The research instruments included the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (1970), the Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire by Chamberlain and Haaga (2001), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (Bond et al., 2007), the Differentiation of Self Inventory by Skowron and Friedlander (1998), and Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale (2003). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 and LISREL 8 software. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis indicated a positive and significant relationship between differentiation and self-compassion (r = 0.645, p < .01); a negative and significant relationship between differentiation and death anxiety (r = -0.411, p < .01); a positive and significant relationship between differentiation and self-acceptance (r = 0.700, p < .01); a negative and significant relationship between self-compassion and death anxiety (r = -0.352, p < .01); and a positive and significant relationship between self-compassion and self-acceptance (r = 0.846, p < .01). Path analysis revealed that the indirect path from differentiation to death anxiety through the mediating role of self-compassion was statistically significant (β = -0.629, p < .01). Furthermore, the indirect path from differentiation to self-acceptance through self-compassion was also statistically significant (β = 0.861, p < .01). Conclusion: Thus, the structural model of death anxiety and self-acceptance based on differentiation with the mediating role of self-compassion demonstrated a good fit among elderly individuals residing in daily care centers in Nowshahr and Chalous. These findings may serve as a basis for developing comprehensive therapeutic models to enhance psychological well-being among the elderly. Keywords: Death Anxiety, Self-Acceptance, Differentiation, Self-Compassion, Elderly.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental overcontrol and adolescent social withdrawal, with fear of negative and positive evaluation as potential mediating variables. Methods: The research employed a descriptive correlational design and included a sample of 551 Nigerian adolescents selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie table. Data were collected using standardized self-report instruments: the Psychological Control Scale–Youth Self-Report (PCS-YSR) for parental overcontrol, the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE), the Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale (FPES), and the Withdrawn/Depressed subscale of the Youth Self-Report (YSR). Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated using SPSS-27, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted via AMOS-21 to examine direct and indirect pathways among the variables. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis showed that parental overcontrol was significantly associated with fear of negative evaluation (r = .51, p < .001), fear of positive evaluation (r = .47, p < .001), and social withdrawal (r = .42, p < .001). SEM results confirmed that the structural model had good fit indices (χ² = 146.23, df = 84, χ²/df = 1.74, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.041). Parental overcontrol had significant direct effects on fear of negative evaluation (β = .51, p < .001), fear of positive evaluation (β = .48, p < .001), and social withdrawal (β = .27, p < .001). Both fears significantly predicted social withdrawal (FNE: β = .45, p < .001; FPE: β = .38, p < .001). Indirect effects of parental overcontrol on social withdrawal via FNE (B = 0.19, p < .001) and FPE (B = 0.14, p < .001) were also significant. Conclusion: These findings highlight that fear of evaluation—both negative and positive—serves as a psychological mechanism linking parental overcontrol to social withdrawal in adolescents, emphasizing the importance of addressing cognitive-affective vulnerabilities in preventive and therapeutic interventions.