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Aim: This study qualitatively examines the representation of long-distance relationships on Instagram, analyzing how these relationships are portrayed through posts and captions.Method: Using a qualitative approach and Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method, a total of 740 Instagram posts related to long-distance relationships were initially identified. These posts were collected through a snowball sampling method using specific hashtags. Following a systematic screening process, promotional, non-personal, and irrelevant posts were excluded to focus on real-life experiences, resulting in a final dataset of 182 posts. Selection criteria required posts to contain images of individuals or handwritten messages in Persian, explicitly related to long-distance relationships. The selected images and captions were carefully analyzed and coded.Results: The thematic analysis identified four main themes: (1) Expression of Love and Affection, (2) Planning for the Future, (3) Capturing Special Moments in Long-Distance Relationships, and (4) Waiting and Longing. Findings indicate that Instagram serves as an effective tool for maintaining and strengthening long-distance relationships. Users actively utilize this platform to express emotions, cope with longing, and plan future reunions.Conclusion: This study emphasizes the role of social media, particularly Instagram, in shaping and understanding long-distance relationships. The research specifically identifies relationship patterns within a Persian-language digital context and can be compared with studies conducted in other languages to provide a broader understanding of digital media’s influence. The findings offer valuable insights for psychologists, family counselors, and social science researchers, providing strategies to enhance emotional communication in long-distance relationships.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of parental smartphone addiction on child behavioral problems, with parenting quality as a mediating variable. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational design was employed with a sample of 410 parents from Malaysia, determined according to the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table. Participants were recruited through schools and community centers and completed standardized measures assessing smartphone addiction, parenting quality, and child behavioral problems. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations, and AMOS-21 for structural equation modeling (SEM). Model fit indices, including χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA, were used to assess model adequacy. Findings: Descriptive statistics revealed moderate levels of parental smartphone addiction (M = 32.47, SD = 6.81), relatively high parenting quality (M = 74.26, SD = 9.54), and mild to moderate child behavioral problems (M = 18.63, SD = 5.72). Correlation analyses showed that parental smartphone addiction was positively correlated with child behavioral problems (r = .36, p < .001) and negatively correlated with parenting quality (r = –.41, p < .001). Parenting quality was negatively correlated with child behavioral problems (r = –.44, p < .001). SEM confirmed partial mediation: parental smartphone addiction negatively predicted parenting quality (β = –.39, p < .001), which in turn negatively predicted child behavioral problems (β = –.41, p < .001). The direct path from parental smartphone addiction to child behavioral problems remained significant (β = .25, p = .001), while the indirect effect through parenting quality was also significant (β = .16, p < .001). Conclusion: The study highlights that parental smartphone addiction increases child behavioral problems both directly and indirectly through reduced parenting quality. Interventions should target reducing parental smartphone addiction and enhancing parenting practices to safeguard children’s behavioral health.

The present study sought to examine the effects of hope therapy and compassion therapy on rumination, depression, and erroneous beliefs within employees of organizations in Shiraz city. The statistical population included workers from Shiraz city during 2023 and 2025. The research methodology was experimental, including a design that contained both pre-test and post-test components, as well as experimental and control groups. In this pilot study, among the employees who scored one standard deviation below the mean on rumination, depression, and false beliefs questionnaires, 45 individuals were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The overall count of people in each of the three groups was 15 people. The members of the initial experimental group participated in hope therapy training together over the course of 8 sessions. The second experimental group participated in compassion therapy for a total of eight sessions. In contrast, the control group did not receive any training. Ultimately, a post-test was given to all three groups. A follow-up examination was carried out after two months too. Covariance analysis was employed for data evaluation. The results showed that both hope therapy and compassion therapy helped with rumination, depression, and inaccurate beliefs among employees, with no significant difference in their effectiveness on rumination. However, compassion therapy was found to be more effective than hope therapy in addressing beliefs. Additionally, hope therapy had a greater effect on employees' depression compared to compassion therapy. It can be inferred that training in hope therapy and compassion therapy has led to decreased rumination, depression, and misguided beliefs among staff, with this enhancement remaining consistent throughout the three-month follow-up duration.

This study compares the effectiveness of schema therapy and compassion-focused therapy on emotional self-awareness, hostile attribution, and critical thinking in adolescents with binge eating disorder. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of these two therapies on improving the cognitive and emotional aspects of individuals. The research method was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population consists of adolescents with binge eating disorder in Azarshahr. The samples that were selected as available were randomly divided into two therapy groups (n=15). The first group received schema therapy, while the second group received compassion-focused therapy. To collect data, the Hostile Attribution Questionnaire (Arntz et al., 2003), the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (Grant et al., 2002), and the Critical Thinking Questionnaire (Ricketts, 2003) were used. The results indicated that both therapies had a significant effect on increasing emotional self-awareness and reducing hostile attribution and critical thinking. However, compassion-focused therapy demonstrated a greater impact on reducing hostile attribution and improving critical thinking. The findings suggested that both approaches can be effective interventions for treating binge eating disorder in adolescents, with compassion-focused therapy being more effective in some aspects.