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۲۰

چکیده

سهام به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین ابزارهای تأمین مالی در بازار سرمایه محسوب می گردد. مهم ترین چالش حقوقی در خصوص معاملات سهام، تبیین ماهیت این ورقه بهادار است. نظرات حقوق دانان در باب ماهیت سهام و مباحث مربوط به آن پراکنده است. وجود دیدگاه های گوناگون به حق مالکانه سبب گردیده است تا نظریه های متفاوتی درباره آن صورت بندی شود. این نظریه ها اساسا به نحوه انعکاس رابطه سهم مالکیت و واحدهای اقتصادی در حساب های حق مالکانه می پردازند، از مهم ترین نظریه های حق مالکانه که در این تحقیق مورد بررسی قرار گرفته می توان به نظریه مالکیت، نظریه شخصیت مستقل، نظریه بنیاد وجوه و نظریه مدیریت اشاره کرد. همه نظریه های حق مالکانه می کوشند تا رابطه مالکان و واحدهای اقتصادی را با حساب های حق مالکانه تبیین و پیش بینی کنند، این نظریه ها همچنین در تفسیر حقوق و سهم قانونی در حساب های حق مالکانه فایده مندند. با این حال هیچ یک از آن ها به تنهایی نمی تواند مبنایی برای تعریف و تفسیر تمام رویدادهای واحدهای اقتصادی به دست دهند.در حقوق انگلیس، ماهیت حقوقی سهام متأثر از نظریه تعهدات و تقسیم بندی مشهور حقوق عینی و دینی می باشد لذا به عنوان یکی از دستاوردهای تحقیق حاضر می توان به تبیین ماهیت حقوق سهام از منظر عین یا دین بودن با تأکید بر این نظریه ها اشاره نمود؛ به این صورت که سه نظریه شخصیت مستقل، تئوری وجوه و نظریه فرماندهی به سهام ماهیت دینی می دهند.

The Legal Nature of Stocks with an Emphasis on the Theories of Ownership Rights (A Comparative Study in Iranian and English law)

 Stocks are considered as one of the most important financing tools in the capital market. Equity may increase by doing profitable activities in a company or it may decrease due to business mistakes of that company. In addition, if a company does not distribute the annual profit from the sale of products or services to the shareholders, the equity of the company will increase. Joint-stock companies are considered one of the important commercial companies from the legal and economic point of view, which play a great role in the economic development of countries. Therefore, according to the effect of such legal institutions in collecting small capitals and reducing the volume of liquidity and pushing it towards production, creation, employment and achieving economic prosperity, governments have never been indifferent to such companies and by establishing regulations to protect the interests of the society. they do. A little reflection on the laws and regulations governing the activities of commercial companies, even in terms of the volume of these regulations, proves this claim well.The discussion about determining the nature of shares is of fundamental importance not only in terms of the transfer method; Rather, in terms of the method of arresting shares, determining the competent court and the governing law in private and domestic international law, it is also very important. the most important legal challenge regarding stock transactions is to explain the nature of this security. The opinions of jurists are scattered about the nature of stocks and related issues. The existence of different views on property rights has led to the formulation of different theories about it. These theories basically deal with how the relationship between ownership shares and economic units is reflected in property rights accounts. The most important theories of property rights that have been studied in this research are Proprietary Theory, Entity Theory, Fund Theory and Commander Theory. All property rights theories attempt to explain and predict the relationship of owners and entities to property accounts. These theories are also useful in interpreting rights and legal shares in property accounts. However, none of them alone can provide a basis for defining and interpreting all the events of economic units. In English law, the legal nature of stocks is influenced by the theory of obligations and the famous division of objective and religious rights, therefore, as one of the achievements of the present study, we can point to the explanation of the nature of stock rights from the perspective of objectivity or religion by emphasizing these theories in this way; Entity Theory, Fund Theory and Commander Theory give stocks a religious nature.

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